Last name first, then first and middle names. Avoid initials if possible. End with a period.
"Are You My Mother?"
The title & subtitle are separated by a colon. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle, and all proper nouns and important words. Place review title & subtitle in quotations.
Review of ,
Proceed title with the words Review of and follow rules of capitalization stated above. Italicize title. Separate from author with a comma.
by Vendela Vida.
Precede name with the word 'by,' then first name and last. End with a period.
Italicize. Follow rules of capitalization listed above and end with a comma.
31 Dec. 2016,
If weekly, day of month followed by abbreviation of month. Year is followed by a comma to separate it from the page numbers.
p. 10.
If page numbers of article run consecutively, separate beginning and ending page numbers with a hyphen. Precede with pp. if more than one page or p. if it is only one page. End the citation with a period. If the pages do not run consecutively, then indicate beginning page of the article followed by a + sign.
th edition.]
Be more productive in school
APA and MLA are two of the most common citation styles. But, what’s the difference between APA and MLA format? In this post, we discuss the differences between APA and MLA. We cover when to use these styles and provide examples of correct APA and MLA citations.
APA style is a citation style that is most commonly used in the social sciences, but also in education, business, and some science fields. APA stands for American Psychological Association .
Essentially, APA style is a set of rules for formatting citations, title pages , headers, and other aspects of research papers.
MLA style is the primary citation style for humanities fields like literature. It was developed by the Modern Language Association of America, an association of scholars and teachers of language and literature.
Like APA, MLA style includes rules for how to format citations and how to structure research papers.
Both APA and MLA style require two distinct types of citations:
APA and MLA citations also have similar components:
The main differences between APA and MLA are in how they format and structure these elements.
APA and MLA style both utilize parenthetical citations for in-text citations. However, there are key differences between the two:
Papers in APA style may also utilize narrative citations. Here are a few examples of APA narrative citations:
Rode (2012) claims that productive activities have been part of human civilization since ancient times.
In some cases, author and date might both appear in the narrative. In this case, no parentheses are needed:
In 2012, Rode wrote about the productive activities...
If you cite multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons:
(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)
If multiple sources are cited within a sentence, they can appear in any order:
Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019) examined...
MLA prefers the label “Works Cited” for the bibliography at the end of the paper. This list includes full bibliographic references for all of the cited texts. APA calls this list “References,” and includes both works that were cited and those that were consulted. Both styles alphabetize entries by the first author’s last name.
Additionally, APA and MLA bibliographies differ in how they structure individual entries. The primary differences occur in:
Here are some examples of full bibliographic citations in APA style:
Atske, S. (2021, April 7). Social media use in 2021 . Pewresearch.Org. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/
Eskritt, M., Fraser, B., & Bosacki, S. (2021). Did you just lie to me? Deception detection in face to face versus computer mediated communication. The Journal of Social Psychology , 1–14.
Fuchs, C. (2021). Social Media: A Critical Introduction (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Visit these resources to learn more about APA citations and formatting:
APA citation guide (7th edition)
The ultimate guide to citing in APA
Citation styles by discipline
Comprehensive APA guides
APA title page: format and templates
Here are some examples of full bibliographic citations in MLA style:
Works Cited
Edwards, Michael. “The Lost Library of Anne Conway.” The Seventeenth Century , vol. 36, no. 1, 2021, pp. 119–147.
Farr, Jason S. Novel Bodies: Disability and Sexuality in Eighteenth-Century British Literature . Rutgers University Press, 2019.
Wall, Wendy. “The Pulter Project.” Northwestern.Edu , https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2021.
Visit these resources to learn more about MLA citations and formatting:
MLA citation guide (9th edition)
The ultimate guide to citing in MLA
Comprehensive MLA guides
MLA title page: format and templates
The main differences between APA and MLA format are found in the bibliography. APA style uses a reference list that includes any works cited or consulted; MLA uses a works cited list that only contains texts that were cited in the paper. Also, there are differences in how each style handles key pieces of bibliographic information like titles and names.
If you need to create citations for an assignment, you can ask your instructor which style to use. APA is most commonly used in the social sciences, while MLA is preferred in humanities disciplines.
APA style is used to create in-text citations and bibliographic references for the social sciences and other disciplines.
MLA style is used to create in-text citations and works cited entries for some humanities fields.
Both APA and MLA aim to provide guidance on how to create accurate citations and bibliographies. Using these styles correctly lends credibility to your research and helps you to avoid plagiarism .
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For students and teachers.
Looking for sources? Search EBSCO or QuickSearch .
List of citations is called | List of citations is called |
Parenthetical citations must include author's last name, and page number(s) if available. Example: (Williams 27). | Parenthetical citations must include author's last name and year of publication. Example: (Williams, 2009). Page numbers, if available, are used only for materials in quotation marks. Use p. for one page and pp. for a range. Example: (Williams, 2009, pp. 2-9). |
Book titles in italics; capitalizes every important word in title and subtitle. Example: | Book titles in italics; capitalizes only the first word in the title, the first word in the subtitle, acronyms, and proper nouns. Example: |
Article titles in quotation marks: "Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Health." Capitalization rules are the same as for book titles. | Journal article titles without quotation marks; capitalization rules are the same as for book titles. Example: Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health. |
First author listed as last name, first name. Example: Welty, Eudora. Second author listed as first name, last name. Example: Harris, Ellen, and Susan Smith. If more than two authors, list only first author followed by "et al." Example: Kramer, Rebecca, et al. | Authors listed as last name, initial(s). Example: Welty, E. Lists all authors (up to 20); an ampersand (&) precedes the last author. |
Requires the name of the database an article was retrieved from, and a stable URL to the article. | Does not list the name of the database or the date of access. |
If a DOI is available, it is used instead of a URL. Example: https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJA-15-0021 Note that you need to use the prefix https:// If there is no DOI, a stable URL (also called a permalink) is required. | Requires DOI if available. Example: https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJA-15-0021 For journal articles without a DOI, a URL is added. The URL points to the page where the pertinent journal volume is. |
Year of publication is located towards the end of the citation. | Year of publication follows the name(s) of the author(s). |
(information almost everyone in the should know), is not cited. | (information almost everyone in the should know), is not cited. |
All entries on the Works Cited list must end with a period. | Entries on the References list end with a period, except after a URL or DOI. |
What are the main differences between apa and mla.
APA and MLA style both use parenthetical in-text citations to cite sources and include a full list of references at the end, but they differ in other ways:
A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:
There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
Most academics agree that you shouldn’t cite Wikipedia as a source in your academic writing , and universities often have rules against doing so.
This is partly because of concerns about its reliability, and partly because it’s a tertiary source. Tertiary sources are things like encyclopedias and databases that collect information from other sources rather than presenting their own evidence or analysis. Usually, only primary and secondary sources are cited in academic papers.
A Wikipedia citation usually includes the title of the article, “Wikipedia” and/or “Wikimedia Foundation,” the date the article was last updated, and the URL.
In APA Style , you’ll give the URL of the current revision of the article so that you’re sure the reader accesses the same version as you.
There’s some disagreement about whether Wikipedia can be considered a reliable source . Because it can be edited by anyone, many people argue that it’s easy for misleading information to be added to an article without the reader knowing.
Others argue that because Wikipedia articles cite their sources , and because they are worked on by so many editors, misinformation is generally removed quickly.
However, most universities state that you shouldn’t cite Wikipedia in your writing.
Hanging indents are used in reference lists in various citation styles to allow the reader to easily distinguish between entries.
You should apply a hanging indent to your reference entries in APA , MLA , and Chicago style.
A hanging indent is used to indent all lines of a paragraph except the first.
When you create a hanging indent, the first line of the paragraph starts at the border. Each subsequent line is indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm).
A parenthetical citation in Chicago author-date style includes the author’s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, the relevant page number or page range in parentheses . Include a comma after the year, but not after the author’s name.
For example: (Swan 2003, 6)
To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .
APA Style distinguishes between parenthetical and narrative citations.
In parenthetical citations , you include all relevant source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence or clause: “Parts of the human body reflect the principles of tensegrity (Levin, 2002).”
In narrative citations , you include the author’s name in the text itself, followed by the publication date in parentheses: “Levin (2002) argues that parts of the human body reflect the principles of tensegrity.”
In a parenthetical citation in MLA style , include the author’s last name and the relevant page number or range in parentheses .
For example: (Eliot 21)
A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that you’re quoting or paraphrasing . It provides relevant information such as the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number(s) cited.
How you use parenthetical citations will depend on your chosen citation style . It will also depend on the type of source you are citing and the number of authors.
APA does not permit the use of ibid. This is because APA in-text citations are parenthetical and there’s no need to shorten them further.
Ibid. may be used in Chicago footnotes or endnotes .
Write “Ibid.” alone when you are citing the same page number and source as the previous citation.
When you are citing the same source, but a different page number, use ibid. followed by a comma and the relevant page number(s). For example:
Only use ibid . if you are directing the reader to a previous full citation of a source .
Ibid. only refers to the previous citation. Therefore, you should only use ibid. directly after a citation that you want to repeat.
Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin “ibidem,” meaning “in the same place.” Ibid. is used in citations to direct the reader to the previous source.
Signal phrases can be used in various ways and can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
To use signal phrases effectively, include:
Different citation styles require you to use specific verb tenses when using signal phrases.
Signal phrases allow you to give credit for an idea or quote to its author or originator. This helps you to:
A signal phrase is a group of words that ascribes a quote or idea to an outside source.
Signal phrases distinguish the cited idea or argument from your own writing and introduce important information including the source of the material that you are quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing . For example:
“ Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) insists that humans possess an innate faculty for comprehending grammar.”
If you’re quoting from a text that paraphrases or summarizes other sources and cites them in parentheses , APA and Chicago both recommend retaining the citations as part of the quote. However, MLA recommends omitting citations within a quote:
Footnote or endnote numbers that appear within quoted text should be omitted in all styles.
If you want to cite an indirect source (one you’ve only seen quoted in another source), either locate the original source or use the phrase “as cited in” in your citation.
In scientific subjects, the information itself is more important than how it was expressed, so quoting should generally be kept to a minimum. In the arts and humanities, however, well-chosen quotes are often essential to a good paper.
In social sciences, it varies. If your research is mainly quantitative , you won’t include many quotes, but if it’s more qualitative , you may need to quote from the data you collected .
As a general guideline, quotes should take up no more than 5–10% of your paper. If in doubt, check with your instructor or supervisor how much quoting is appropriate in your field.
To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.
It’s appropriate to quote when:
To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:
The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.
“ Et al. ” is an abbreviation of the Latin term “et alia,” which means “and others.” It’s used in source citations to save space when there are too many authors to name them all.
Guidelines for using “et al.” differ depending on the citation style you’re following:
To insert endnotes in Microsoft Word, follow the steps below:
If you need to change the type of notes used in a Word document from footnotes to endnotes , or the other way around, follow these steps:
To insert a footnote automatically in a Word document:
Footnotes are notes indicated in your text with numbers and placed at the bottom of the page. They’re used to provide:
Be sparing in your use of footnotes (other than citation footnotes), and consider whether the information you’re adding is relevant for the reader.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may cause your text to look cluttered if there are a lot of footnotes.
Endnotes appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may be less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.
Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources or add extra information. You should usually choose one or the other to use in your text, not both.
An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.
If you are reusing content or data you used in a previous assignment, make sure to cite yourself. You can cite yourself just as you would cite any other source: simply follow the directions for that source type in the citation style you are using.
Keep in mind that reusing your previous work can be considered self-plagiarism , so make sure you ask your professor or consult your university’s handbook before doing so.
A credible source should pass the CRAAP test and follow these guidelines:
Peer review is a process of evaluating submissions to an academic journal. Utilizing rigorous criteria, a panel of reviewers in the same subject area decide whether to accept each submission for publication. For this reason, academic journals are often considered among the most credible sources you can use in a research project– provided that the journal itself is trustworthy and well-regarded.
Academic dishonesty can be intentional or unintentional, ranging from something as simple as claiming to have read something you didn’t to copying your neighbor’s answers on an exam.
You can commit academic dishonesty with the best of intentions, such as helping a friend cheat on a paper. Severe academic dishonesty can include buying a pre-written essay or the answers to a multiple-choice test, or falsifying a medical emergency to avoid taking a final exam.
Academic dishonesty refers to deceitful or misleading behavior in an academic setting. Academic dishonesty can occur intentionally or unintentionally, and varies in severity.
It can encompass paying for a pre-written essay, cheating on an exam, or committing plagiarism . It can also include helping others cheat, copying a friend’s homework answers, or even pretending to be sick to miss an exam.
Academic dishonesty doesn’t just occur in a classroom setting, but also in research and other academic-adjacent fields.
To apply a hanging indent to your reference list or Works Cited list in Word or Google Docs, follow the steps below.
Microsoft Word:
Google Docs:
When the hanging indent is applied, for each reference, every line except the first is indented. This helps the reader see where one entry ends and the next begins.
For a published interview (whether in video , audio, or print form ), you should always include a citation , just as you would for any other source.
For an interview you conducted yourself , formally or informally, you often don’t need a citation and can just refer to it in the text or in a footnote , since the reader won’t be able to look them up anyway. MLA , however, still recommends including citations for your own interviews.
The main elements included in a newspaper interview citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the names of the interviewer and interviewee, the interview title, the publication date, the name of the newspaper, and a URL (for online sources).
The information is presented differently in different citation styles. One key difference is that APA advises listing the interviewer in the author position, while MLA and Chicago advise listing the interviewee first.
The elements included in a newspaper article citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author name, the article title, the publication date, the newspaper name, and the URL if the article was accessed online .
In APA and MLA, the page numbers of the article appear in place of the URL if the article was accessed in print. No page numbers are used in Chicago newspaper citations.
Untitled sources (e.g. some images ) are usually cited using a short descriptive text in place of the title. In APA Style , this description appears in brackets: [Chair of stained oak]. In MLA and Chicago styles, no brackets are used: Chair of stained oak.
For social media posts, which are usually untitled, quote the initial words of the post in place of the title: the first 160 characters in Chicago , or the first 20 words in APA . E.g. Biden, J. [@JoeBiden]. “The American Rescue Plan means a $7,000 check for a single mom of four. It means more support to safely.”
MLA recommends quoting the full post for something short like a tweet, and just describing the post if it’s longer.
The main elements included in image citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the image’s creator, the image title, the year (or more precise date) of publication, and details of the container in which the image was found (e.g. a museum, book , website ).
In APA and Chicago style, it’s standard to also include a description of the image’s format (e.g. “Photograph” or “Oil on canvas”). This sort of information may be included in MLA too, but is not mandatory.
The main elements included in a lecture citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the speaker, the lecture title, the date it took place, the course or event it was part of, and the institution it took place at.
For transcripts or recordings of lectures/speeches, other details like the URL, the name of the book or website , and the length of the recording may be included instead of information about the event and institution.
The main elements included in a YouTube video citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the author/uploader, the title of the video, the publication date, and the URL.
The format in which this information appears is different for each style.
All styles also recommend using timestamps as a locator in the in-text citation or Chicago footnote .
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
The elements included in journal article citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name(s) of the author(s), the title of the article, the year of publication, the name of the journal, the volume and issue numbers, the page range of the article, and, when accessed online, the DOI or URL.
In MLA and Chicago style, you also include the specific month or season of publication alongside the year, when this information is available.
In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.
If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:
If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.
The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.
When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)
In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.
For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.
The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.
“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .
Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.
Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
The main elements included in all book citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the title, the year of publication, and the name of the publisher. A page number is also included in in-text citations to highlight the specific passage cited.
In Chicago style and in the 6th edition of APA Style , the location of the publisher is also included, e.g. London: Penguin.
A block quote is a long quote formatted as a separate “block” of text. Instead of using quotation marks , you place the quote on a new line, and indent the entire quote to mark it apart from your own words.
The rules for when to apply block quote formatting depend on the citation style:
In academic writing , there are three main situations where quoting is the best choice:
Don’t overuse quotes; your own voice should be dominant. If you just want to provide information from a source, it’s usually better to paraphrase or summarize .
Every time you quote a source , you must include a correctly formatted in-text citation . This looks slightly different depending on the citation style .
For example, a direct quote in APA is cited like this: “This is a quote” (Streefkerk, 2020, p. 5).
Every in-text citation should also correspond to a full reference at the end of your paper.
A quote is an exact copy of someone else’s words, usually enclosed in quotation marks and credited to the original author or speaker.
The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.
If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.
A DOI is a unique identifier for a digital document. DOIs are important in academic citation because they are more permanent than URLs, ensuring that your reader can reliably locate the source.
Journal articles and ebooks can often be found on multiple different websites and databases. The URL of the page where an article is hosted can be changed or removed over time, but a DOI is linked to the specific document and never changes.
When a book’s chapters are written by different authors, you should cite the specific chapter you are referring to.
When all the chapters are written by the same author (or group of authors), you should usually cite the entire book, but some styles include exceptions to this.
Articles in newspapers and magazines can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your research.
In historical studies, old articles are used as primary sources that give direct evidence about the time period. In social and communication studies, articles are used as primary sources to analyze language and social relations (for example, by conducting content analysis or discourse analysis ).
If you are not analyzing the article itself, but only using it for background information or facts about your topic, then the article is a secondary source.
A fictional movie is usually a primary source. A documentary can be either primary or secondary depending on the context.
If you are directly analyzing some aspect of the movie itself – for example, the cinematography, narrative techniques, or social context – the movie is a primary source.
If you use the movie for background information or analysis about your topic – for example, to learn about a historical event or a scientific discovery – the movie is a secondary source.
Whether it’s primary or secondary, always properly cite the movie in the citation style you are using. Learn how to create an MLA movie citation or an APA movie citation .
To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:
Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. letters, interviews ). If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source.
Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it’s up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.
Always make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism .
Common examples of secondary sources include academic books, journal articles , reviews, essays , and textbooks.
Anything that summarizes, evaluates or interprets primary sources can be a secondary source. If a source gives you an overview of background information or presents another researcher’s ideas on your topic, it is probably a secondary source.
Common examples of primary sources include interview transcripts , photographs, novels, paintings, films, historical documents, and official statistics.
Anything you directly analyze or use as first-hand evidence can be a primary source, including qualitative or quantitative data that you collected yourself.
The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.
You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .
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Are you looking for the information about book review format? There are a lot of articles on the Web dedicated to book reviews in general. However, it is hard to find the information particularly about book review formats. Here, you will find the information about how to format and cite a book review in APA, MLA, and Chicago. And also a short instruction on how to get “ write my essay for me cheap ” help.
Font, margins, spacing, and other similar points are considered in the format requirements. Broadly speaking, review format contains requirements for the way the text should look. If you need to follow a specific format style such as APA, MLA, or another style you should find out what format requirements you need to apply for it. In further paragraphs, we will tell you about format requirements of the three popular format styles:
Typically, your instructor will tell you which format style you need to use. However, the teacher may not give you particular specifications about the format and style. In the text below we will show you the differences between APA, MLA, and CMS formats, and give you examples of the title pages and citations. Our recommendations are suitable for writing a critical book review, a compare and contrast book review, or other types of book reviews.
Note: Always give preference to the initial formatting instructions from your teacher.
If you were asked to write a book review in the APA format, follow the basic guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). Here we will share with you the general format for a book review in APA, 6th edition:
Margins: | 1 inch on all sides, aligned left. |
Spacing: | Double-spaced. |
Font: | Standard (Times New Roman, Arial, etc.), 12 pt. |
Running head: | At the top of every page, flush left, all letters capitalized. Character quantity should be less than 50. |
Page numbers: | On the top of the page, flush right, starting from the first page. |
First line of the paragraph: | Indented one-half inch from the left margin. |
Don’t make a title page if your instructor does not request you to do so. In the following attachment, you can see the sample title page for a book review formatted in APA style. First you need to set the font, spacing, and margins. In the sample, we use Time New Roman, 12 pt font, and double line spacing. Also, we recommend turning on the option labeled “don’t add spacing between paragraphs of the same style.” Indentation and spacing sections should be set to 0 pt. Set the margins to 1 inch at all sides.
According to APA style (6th edition) the title page should contain:
Note: Some educational institutions may add or remove certain sections, so make sure that our instructions are the same as what your college or university requires.
Also, you will need to identify full bibliographical information at the beginning of the main text of your APA style book review. This is how the next page after the title page will begin:
Author, N.N. (Year of publication). Book title: Capital letter for the first word of subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher, number of pages.
What if the professor didn’t require a title page? All is simple: you begin your first page with the bibliographical information as we have listed above. Also, you will need to mention your name at the end of the review. You can skip three lines after the end of the main text and type your name along the right margin with the course title and semester. For example:
Ashley Simpson HIS 3380 Introduction to Historical Methods Fall 2018
If you need to include in your references someone else’s book review in APA format, check the following templates:
Reference list | Author’s Last Name, N.N. (Year of publication). Title. [Review of the book , by N.N. Book Auhor’s Last Name]. (Issue Number), page number. |
In-text citation | (Author’s Last Name, Year of publication, Page number) |
According to the MLA style (8th addition), the format of the paper should stick to the following requirements:
Margins: | 1 inch on all sides, aligned left. |
Spacing: | Double-spaced. |
Font: | Standard (Times New Roman, Arial, etc.), 12 pt. |
Header and page number | Header with your last name followed by the page number in the top of page, flush right, starting from the first page. |
First line of the paragraph: | Indented one-half inch from left margin. |
Indentation: | The first line of each paragraph indented one half-inch from the left margin. |
We recommend you to apply the formatting settings before you start writing your paper. This won’t distract you from writing, and you will be fully concentrated on the writing itself. When your text is ready, double-check the formatting standards.
There are no strict requirements in the MLA Handbook for book reviews. If the professor did not set the requirements for the format and structure of your book review, you can use the following basic structure:
Do you need a title page? We need to mention that the MLA guideline doesn’t require a cover page for your paper. The first page of your paper should contain a header with the page number and your surname on the top right corner. Also, you will need to list your name, professor’s name, course, and the date in the left corner. It will look something like this:
Bill Green Professor George T. Michael English 111 3 September 2019
After this block, you need to write the title of your book review on the next line in the center. Write the title in title case (following the standards of capitalization). If you need to mention the book title in the paper’s title, use italics. For example:
If your teacher has asked you to add a cover page to your book review and did not set the requirements, check the following sample title page. Also, notice that there is no need to include information that we listed above on the first page after the title page.
If you are writing an academic paper and need to cite a book review from another author, you can follow these samples:
Works Cited List | Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Review of , by Book Author’s Name, Last Name. , Date, page number. |
In-Text Citation | (Author’s Last Name, Page number) |
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CMS format is usually applied for book reviews written for history, English, and art classes. Make sure that your professor hasn’t given you particular requirements for the paper. In general, CMS format is much more flexible in comparison to APA and MLA styles. Here are general recommendations from Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) that you can apply to your book review:
Margins: | No less than 1 inch on all sides. |
Spacing: | Double-spaced (except block quotes, bibliography entries, and notes). |
Font: | Standard (Times New Roman or Courier), 10-12 pt. |
Page numbers: | On the top of the page. Numbering starts from the second page if using a cover page. |
Main body: | Book titles in italics in the main text. Titles of chapters in quotation marks. |
Block quotes: | Citations of five or more lines (>100 words) organized in blocked quotation. Start with a new line and use indentation. Use a smaller or different font. Avoid quotation marks. |
Footnotes: | Note numbers in the text start with “1” and should be superscripted. Place them at the end of the sentence after the punctuation mark. The note should start with the full-sized number that corresponds to the note in the text. Give a full citation for the first note. Use the author’s name, title, and page number for subsequent notes of the same work. |
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) handbook gives students the freedom of choice: either to make a title page, or start the paper with the title on the first page of the paper. Note that the title page should be double-spaced. If your teacher asked you to create a title page in CMS book review format, include the following points:
For better understanding, check out the following sample title page. And remember, your teacher’s requirements always dominate the instructions we give you in this article.
What if your professor doesn’t require a title page? Start the first line of the main text with the complete bibliographical information about the book. Then list your name and the date. It will look like the following:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of publication. Nathan Drake 30 Aug. 2018
If you are writing an academic paper in the CMS format and need to cite a book review from another author, you can follow these samples:
Bibliography | Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Review Title,” review of , by Book Author’s Name, Last Name. Date, page number. Author’s Last Name, First Name. Review of , by Book Author’s Name Last Name. Date, page number. |
Footnote | 1. Author’s First Name Last Name, review of , by Book Author’s Name Last Name. , Date, page number. 2. Author’s First Name Last Name, “Review Title,” review of , by Book Author’s Name Last Name. , Date, page number. |
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Resources on using in-text citations in APA style
Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats
Apa vs. mla understanding citation styles for academic writing.
In the world of academic writing, mastering the art of citation is not just a requirement; it’s a skill that underscores the credibility and integrity of your work. Whether you’re penning a research paper, thesis, or any scholarly article, knowing when and how to use APA (American Psychological Association) or MLA (Modern Language Association) format is crucial. An essay writing service can help ensure that your work adheres to these essential standard
But why is proper citation so important? It not only gives credit where it’s due but also allows readers to trace the genesis of ideas, fostering a transparent and interconnected academic dialogue.
APA vs. MLA: A Comparative Overview
APA and MLA stand as the two colossi in the field of academic citation, each with distinct origins and applications. APA, predominantly used in the social sciences, emphasizes the date of publication, reflecting the importance of recent research in these fields. MLA, on the other hand, is favored in the humanities, particularly for its more flexible approach to authorship and source integration.
Before diving into specifics, understanding the general layout each style adheres to can illuminate the broader differences. APA champions a more structured format, with precise headings and subheadings, while MLA offers a bit more freedom, focusing on the fluid integration of sources into the text.
Understanding APA Format
APA format requires the author’s last name and the year of publication within the text, catering to the style’s emphasis on the timeliness of research.
The reference list is a staple of APA, offering a comprehensive overview of every source cited in the paper. This list not only includes books and journal articles but extends to audiovisual and electronic sources, reflecting the modern landscape of research.
Navigating MLA Format
MLA’s in-text citation style is more reader-friendly, often incorporating the author’s name into the narrative of the paper, which can enhance the flow of arguments.
Unlike APA’s reference list, MLA uses a works cited page, emphasizing the work over the publication date. This approach caters to the humanities’ focus on the evolution of ideas over time.
Key Differences Between APA and MLA
The most noticeable difference lies in how each style approaches in-text citations. APA’s author-date format contrasts sharply with MLA’s author-page method, reflecting their differing emphases on timeliness and narrative flow, respectively.
The terminology and structure of the final list of sources also differ, with APA focusing on a comprehensive reference list and MLA on a more selective works cited page.
When to Use APA and MLA
Choosing between APA and MLA often comes down to the subject matter of your paper. Social sciences, education, and psychology lean towards APA, while literature, arts, and humanities prefer MLA.
Always consider the requirements of the journal or publisher. Some are strict about citation styles, so knowing the expected format is essential.
Practical Tips for Effective Citation
Modern citation and reference management software can automate much of the formatting process, allowing scholars to focus more on content than citation styles.
Both APA and MLA periodically update their guidelines. Staying abreast of these changes ensures your citations remain current and accurate.
As you gather sources, maintain a detailed log that includes all necessary citation information. This practice saves time and ensures accuracy when you’re ready to cite. Include notes on key points from each source to help integrate quotes and ideas seamlessly into your writing.
Each citation style serves a different academic purpose. APA’s focus on dates highlights the timeliness of research, while MLA’s emphasis on page numbers facilitates reader engagement with primary sources. Recognizing this can help you choose the most effective way to incorporate and highlight your research.
Ensure that every citation follows the same format throughout your document. Inconsistencies can distract readers and undermine your work’s professionalism. Pay special attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.
While direct quotes can strengthen your argument, relying too heavily on them can disrupt the flow of your paper. Summarize or paraphrase where appropriate, and use direct quotes to highlight particularly impactful or unique phrases. Remember to always cite the original source, even when paraphrasing.
Before submitting your work, double-check your citations against the latest version of the citation style guide. Small errors, such as misplaced commas or incorrect publication years, can compromise your paper’s credibility.
Instead of leaving citations as the last step, cite sources as you incorporate them into your paper. This approach prevents accidental plagiarism and ensures you don’t overlook any sources.
Have peers, mentors, or writing centers review your citations. Fresh eyes can catch mistakes you might have overlooked and provide suggestions for improvement.
The choice between APA and MLA formatting styles is not merely a matter of preference but a strategic decision that reflects the nature of your work, its audience, and the norms of your academic discipline. By understanding the key differences and applications of each style, you can navigate the complex landscape of academic writing with greater ease and precision.
Examples of apa, mla, and chicago manual of style, citation styles: american psychological association (apa), citation styles: chicago, citation styles: modern language association (mla), example: direct quote cited in a book, example: reference within a journal article.
There are two basic approaches to citation:
Scholars writing in the sciences and social sciences typically use in-text citations, while humanities scholars utilize endnotes/footnotes.
While the two basic approaches to citations are simple, there are many different citation styles.
What is a citation style?
The way that citations appear (format) depends on the citation style, which is a set of established rules and conventions for documenting sources.
Citation styles can be defined by an association, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA), publisher, such as the University of Chicago Press, or journal, such as The New England Journal of Medicine .
What citation style should I use?
The citation style that you use depends on the discipline in which you are writing, and where, or by whom, your work will be published or read.
When in doubt, ask your professor if there is a particular style that he/she would like you to use.
Where can I find more information on how to cite a specific type of source in a particular style?
The library has style manuals in print and online for several commonly used styles such as American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA) and Chicago. In addition, there are several excellent citation style guides on the web. (See below)
For examples of APA and MLA and Chicago Manual of Style, visit Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) site.
Frank, H. (2011). Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance. Behavior Genetics , 41 (6), 830-839.
Frank, H. 2011. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior Genetics 41 (6):830-839.
Frank, H. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior Genetics 41.6 (2011): 830-39. Print.
Source: Gabriel, R. A. (2001). Gods of Our Fathers: The Memory of Egypt in Judaism & Christianity . Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Press.
Source: Bradt, J., Potvin, N., Kesslick, A., Shim, M., Radl, D., Schriver, E., … Komarnicky-Kocher, L. T. (2015). The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: a mixed methods study. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer , 23 (5), 1261–71.
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It is useful that you understand the basics of major styles - in particular, difference between APA and MLA. They are, indeed, very popular. If you are required to follow a specific style when writing your paper, you should learn about them, This guide will help you understand some peculiarities of APA and MLA, including the following aspects:
Stay with us and you will learn most of the information you should know about difference between APA and MLA. This short guide would help you grasp the main concept of each style and help you choose a proper one for your paper in case you have to choose for yourself.
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Before deciding whether you should use MLA or APA, it is useful to understand what each of these abbreviations means. APA format paper stands for ‘American Psychological Association’. It was developed by this organization and is therefore recommended for:
MLA has received its name from the Modern Language Association. This organization recommends using this style in such fields of study:
Students are often instructed to follow a certain style when writing their papers. But if you need to choose whether to use MLA or APA on your own, consider the aforementioned lists of academic areas and it will be quite clear which path to take.
One of a key elements of both styles is a proper formatting of citations. You need to specify all your sources in APA and MLA. Refer to material correctly when citing it in your own text. However, each of these styles requires different in-text references. The order of sources’ details in a bibliography section is also different in each case. Below you will find detailed guidelines on how to cite your sources in APA and MLA.
Let’s start with MLA vs APA in-text citations. Both styles require parenthetical blocks for citing sources. Difference lies in details put within parenthesis. In APA, you have to include the last name of source’s author and a year this source was published. A page number is also required when a specific paragraph is directly quoted or paraphrased. Name, year and page number are separated by comma. In MLA, you have to include author’s last name and a page number which is always required. Use more than one MLA in text citation example to do it right. If you are citing a work by two authors, you need to put an ampersand between their names when following the APA style. In MLA, you should separate them with “and.” In case your source was written by multiple authors (3+), you need to specify the first author’s name and add “et al.” after it in both styles. Here are a couple of samples:
Another important aspect to consider when choosing APA or MLA: Works Cited section. In both styles, you are expected to provide complete information about all your sources at the end of your papers on a separate page. It is called Works Cited page in MLA and References in APA. The main differences are the order of a source’s details and their format. In APA, you have to provide an initial instead of an author’s first name and put a publication date right after that. You have to provide a full first name and put publication date MLA format at the end of your references. The following part – a book, journal or article title – is having each major word capitalized in MLA, but only the 1st word capitalized in APA.
General requirements of MLA and APA formatting have a number of similarities:
However there are significant differences between these styles. Especially, when it comes to the following elements:
Let us explore these differences in detail. Pay close attention to each of these elements listed above.
What are requirements regarding your title page in APA or MLA? MLA cover page does not require creating a separate title page. You should however add a header on the first page of your paper. Rules are simple:
In APA, a separate cover page is required. This is the first page of your paper. It should contain these parts:
An entire page should be centered and double-spaced. Use our Title Page Creator to generate a cover page in APA or MLA automatically.
Let us now find out what are the differences between MLA and APA when it comes to the running head. In MLA, you need to include your last name and the page number into the running head. They both must be aligned to the right. It should appear at the top of every page. Into the running head APA you need to include a right-aligned page number, likewise. However it should be preceded by a shortened version of your paper’s title. It must be up to 50 characters long, all in capitals and left-aligned. This header should appear at the top of every page, including the title page.
If you need to convert lowercase to uppercase for your running head, feel free to use our tool.
Finally, let us explore the rules of APA and MLA heading and subheading. Both styles foresee 5 levels of section headings. Here is how they are to be distinguished:
If you need some MLA and APA format examples to make it easier for you, we’ve created a few templates for your convenience. Just click on the links below and you will find more valuable information about them. Pay close attention to the implementation of the above rules in these examples.
In this article we have learned together how is APA different from MLA. Also, we figured out different key points which require your attention when analysing peculiarities of both styles. These key points are:
Each key point was explained, briefly but concisely. Samples were given to clarify all complicated cases. In addition to this detailed review we have created several templates. They could help to grasp the key differences. We hope this information will be helpful for you in your studies. Feel free to use it when creating your next paper!
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1. which format is more common – apa or mla.
It is difficult to specify which style is more popular so it would be safe to assume that they are equally common. Both APA and MLA are widely used among college students in the US, UK and many other countries. Simultaneously, MLA is more often preferred among high-school students, who are required to use it in their papers. Apparently, the reason is that it is an easier one for starters.
In general, both APA and MLA styles have clear and straightforward rules which do not make any of them too complicated for an average student to use. At the same time a popular opinion is that MLA style requires less effort since its rules of citing references are less complicated compared to APA. This makes it easy to complete an MLA paper in time.
Following rules of APA style is not too complicated for those who are well experienced in writing scientific papers. But if you are a starter, the most difficult element of this style for you would be citing your sources in the bibliography section. The reason is, APA has complex rules of formatting full references, especially when it comes to specific printed issues, volumes and articles in periodicals.
Typically, rules of choosing a style are pretty strict when it comes to a highly specialized paper of a senior grade student. So, MLA format cannot be used in an academic paper in Psychology, Economics, Social Sciences or anything else from a related area. Instead, you should use APA format for such disciplines. In any case, the best way is to consult with your instructor beforehand.
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
Text: (571) 248-7542
The citation style to use is determined by your professor, or if you are submitting a manuscript, by the journal or publisher. However, each discipline tends to use one or two styles.
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For a complete list of style rules, consult the MLA Handbook at the Reference Desk:
The discipline of English, as well as many other disciplines in the humanities, use MLA citation format. Below are some examples for formatting the Works Cited page. Look in the drop-down menu for examples of in-text citations.
| Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. . New York: Vintage, 1988. Print.
|
| Casell, Kay Ann and Uma Hiremath. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2004. Print. (NOTE: Authors should be listed in the order they are listed on the title page.) |
| Robbins, Chandler S., et al. . New York: Golden, 1966. Print. (or you may list all the authors in the order they appear on the title page, like so: Robbins, Chandler S., Bertel Bruun, and Herbert S. Zim.) |
| Homer. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Viking, 1996. Print. |
| Kimball, Jean. "Growing Up Together: Joyce and Psychoanalysis, 1900-1922." Ed. Michael Patrick Gillespie. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1999. 25-45. Print. |
| Hughes, Ted. Introduction. By Sylvia Plath. Ed. Hughes. New York: HarperPerennial, 1992. 13-17. Print. (where Hughes is the author of the Introduction, Plath is the author of the poems, and Hughes is also the editor. Page numbers are for the introduction) |
| Blamires, Harry. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 1996. Print. |
| Eliot, George. Ed. Bert G. Hornback. New York: Norton, 1977. Print. |
| Hannah, Daniel K. "The Private Life, the Public Stage: Henry James in Recent Fiction." 30.3 (2007): 70-94. Web. 21 July 2011. |
| Hannah, Daniel K. "The Private Life, the Public Stage: Henry James in Recent Fiction." 30.3 (2007): 70-94. Print. |
| Bulson, Eric. "Dead Slowly." Rev. of , by Fredric Jameson. 25 July 2008: 426. Print. (where Bulson is the reviewer) |
| Farkas, Meredith. "Tips for Being a Great Blogger (and a Good Person)." N.p., 19 July 2011. Web. 26 July 2011. Citation for web documents should include the following elements, in this order, if they can be found on the website (5.6.2): |
Unlike an edited book, where each chapter has unique authors, usually you expect an authored book to have the same author(s) throughout. Thus, citing a chapter of an edited book is common, but as a general rule, citing chapters from authored books is not. For authored books, the whole book is referenced , with specific chapters included in the in-text citation as needed. This is true whether the chapters were written by the book’s authors or an outside contributor who isn’t given cover credit.
When a chapter in an authored book was written by someone other than the book’s authors, your instincts might tell you to cite it as if it were from an edited book—that is, citing the chapter authors in the author position and the book authors in the editor position without “Eds.” in parentheses. Doing so could cause confusion given that authored books with chapters written by outside contributors are very uncommon. APA Style readers are so accustomed to the format for citing a chapter in an edited book that they might mistakenly believe that you are in fact referencing an edited book and simply forgot to include the “Eds.” component. Also, if you are using a reference manager, it may not allow you to omit the “Editor” label from the reference.
To avoid potential confusion, the simplest solution is to cite the book as you would any other authored book, which is a reference format that readers can immediately recognize, but to add any additional information in the text.
For example, here are example references and in-text citations for two authored books that include chapters written by outside contributors:
DeMarco, R. F., & Healey-Walsh, J. (2020). Community and public health nursing: Evidence for practice (3rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2023). Theoretical basis for nursing (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
In the text you can clarify the unique nature of your source by crediting the chapter author(s) in your narrative and identifying the chapter number as part of your in-text citation. Here are example citations of a direct quotation and paraphrased text from a chapter in an authored book written by an outside contributor:
Direct quotation: Melinda Oberleitner distinguished between two different types of leaders: “Formal leaders are appointed by official or legislative authority. Informal leaders derive power through influence and, in reality, may be more important to staff or groups than the formal, appointed, or designated leaders” (McEwen & Wills, 2023, Chapter 16, p. 369).
Paraphrased text: Melinda Oberleitner pointed out that informal leaders, even if they have not been officially assigned to leadership positions, may serve a more significant role in influencing their coworkers than formal leaders (McEwen & Wills, 2023, Chapter 16).
The same principles apply if a contributor is credited as writing a smaller portion of a book, such as a text box, rather than an entire chapter. You would simply include the box number instead of the chapter number in your citation.
Sometimes outside contributors (particularly foreword authors) are given cover credit, typically as part of a “with” statement below the main authors’ names. In this case, the contributors are credited parenthetically in the reference. However, as with the previous examples, they are not listed among the authors in corresponding in-text citations.
Here are example references and citations for two authored books in which outside contributors are given cover credit:
Blume, M., & Lust, B. C. (with Chien, Y., Dye, C. D., Foley, C. A., & Kedar, Y.). (2017). Research methods in language acquisition: Principles, procedures, and practices . De Gruyter Mouton; American Psychological Association.
Christie, A. (with Todd, C.). (2013). Hercule Poirot: The complete short stories . HarperCollins.
If you are citing a portion of the book that was written by the outside contributor(s), you can mention them in text, as shown in these examples:
In his foreword, Charles Todd noted that the famous detective Hercule Poirot has no clear origin story and is therefore as mysterious as the cases he is tasked with solving (Christie, 2013).
Yarden Chen described “the high-amplitude sucking (HAS) technique, which is based on measuring variations in infants’ sucking rate and strength in response to different acoustic stimuli” (Blume & Lust, 2017, Chapter 13, p. 252) as one common method for measuring how infants respond to spoken language.
Chapters in authored books that are written by outside contributors are so rare that it can be confusing to know how to cite them properly, but hopefully this post will help you. If you ever find yourself in that situation and there’s something you’re not sure about, feel free to leave a comment below.
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Book reviews typically evaluate recently-written works. They offer a brief description of the text's key points and often provide a short appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the work. Readers sometimes confuse book reviews with book reports, but the two are not identical. Book reports commonly describe what happens in a work; their ...
Note: If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source after the name of the book's author.
In-text citations in APA and MLA Both MLA and APA use parenthetical citations to cite sources in the text. However, they include slightly different information. An APA in-text citation includes the author's last name and the publication year. If you're quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.
When writing an academic book review, start with a bibliographic citation of the book you are reviewing [e.g., author, title, publication information, length]. Adhere to a particular citation style, such as Chicago, MLA, or APA. Put your name at the very end of the book review text.
APA Style and MLA Style Reference Comparison Guide This guide compares APA Style and MLA style references for four common sources: journal articles, books, edited book chapters, and webpages. Format varies depending on the number of authors; the templates match the examples and show variations for one, two, and three or more authors. The sentences with in-text citations are paraphrased, which ...
For more information on how to cite Book Reviews in APA 7, refer to pages 334-335 of the Publication Manual of the APA located at the circulation desk.
Italics are used for books and periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and journals), things that might be considered long/standalone works. MLA APA Use quotation marks for "short" works, like articles or chapters. Use italics additionally for anything considered a 'container'—something that holds other
Proceed title with the words Review of and follow rules of capitalization stated above. Italicize title. Separate from author with a comma. Author of book: by Vendela Vida. Precede name with the word 'by,' then first name and last. End with a period. Title & subtitle of the periodical the review appears in: The New York Times Book Review,
MLA and APA are two different methods for styling an academic paper. Each has its own rules and guidelines for citing sources, formatting your pages, and usage (such as when to spell out numbers). Because each format is tied to different academic subjects, chances are you'll have to use both at some point—which means you'll need to learn the differences between them.
We often hear this version: "Why learn APA Style if I already know MLA style?". The short answer is that writing styles were developed within specific domains. MLA style, which comes from the Modern Language Association, is used in the humanities in subjects such as English and other modern languages. APA Style, which comes from the ...
APA and MLA style both utilize parenthetical citations for in-text citations. However, there are key differences between the two: ALA parenthetical citations include the author's last name and the year of publication (Smith, 2020). When a specific page number is cited, the citation also includes p. and the number (Smith, 2020, p. 4).
To cite a book, you need a brief in-text citation and a corresponding reference listing the author's name, the title, the year of publication, and the publisher. The order and format of information depends on the citation style you're using. The most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style.
The purpose of this playbook is to help you cite the sources used in your academic research. Comparison of the MLA and APA styles
APA in-text citations include the author name, date, and page number (Taylor, 2018, p. 23), while MLA in-text citations include only the author name and page number (Taylor 23). The APA reference list is titled "References," while MLA's version is called " Works Cited .". The reference entries differ in terms of formatting and order ...
How do you reference a book review? This page reflects guidance from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual.
What Is Book Review Format? Font, margins, spacing, and other similar points are considered in the format requirements. Broadly speaking, review format contains requirements for the way the text should look. If you need to follow a specific format style such as APA, MLA, or another style you should find out what format requirements you need to apply for it. In further paragraphs, we will tell ...
Reference List Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article ...
APA champions a more structured format, with precise headings and subheadings, while MLA offers a bit more freedom, focusing on the fluid integration of sources into the text. Understanding APA Format. In-text Citation. APA format requires the author's last name and the year of publication within the text, catering to the style's emphasis ...
Citation styles can be defined by an association, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA), publisher, such as the University of Chicago Press, or journal, such as The New England Journal of Medicine.
All in-text citations for MLA and APA must reference the author's name. Reference to the page number or publication year depends on the situation and citation style.
This lesson covers the difference between MLA and APA style , explains when to use them in writing, and includes examples.
What is the difference between MLA and APA? Check out our guide to find out which format is better to use in your academic paper.
However, each discipline tends to use one or two styles. Anthropology - use Chicago. Law & Legal Studies - use Bluebook, Maroonbook or ALWD. Art History - use Chicago or Turabian. Linguistics - use APA, MLA or LSA. Arts Management - use Chicago. Literature - use MLA. Biology - use CSE. Mathematics - use AMS.
Works Cited entries The discipline of English, as well as many other disciplines in the humanities, use MLA citation format. Below are some examples for formatting the Works Cited page. Look in the drop-down menu for examples of in-text citations.
Unlike an edited book, where each chapter has unique authors, usually you expect an authored book to have the same author(s) throughout. Thus, citing a chapter of an edited book is common, but as a general rule, citing chapters from authored books is not. For authored books, the whole book is referenced, with specific chapters included in the in-text citation as needed.
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