pharmacy case study questions

Pharmacy Case Studies for Pharmacists & Medical Sciences Students

Pharmacists and healthcare practitioners are required to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the application of therapeutics in clinical practice. Pharmacists must ensure patient safety and achieve desired health outcomes through effective decision-making. The idea of designing these case studies is to meet the needs and challenges of a modern pharmacy undergraduate curriculum. Case studies are increasingly used in pharmacy undergraduate as well as postgraduate education.

Each chapter contains five case studies, increasing in complexity from those we would expect first-year students to complete (Level 1) through to cases designed for fourth-year/pre-registration students (Level M). The chapters have been designed to follow approximately the British National Formulary chapters for ease of use. Case study scenarios include both community and hospital pharmacy situations as suited to the disease and pharmaceutical care provision.

This section is only for Bangladeshi Pharmacy/Medical Students & Professionals !

Cardiovascular case studies by Narinder Bhalla

Case study level 1 – Angina Case study level 2 – Hypertension Case study level 3 – Atrial fibrillation Case study level Ma – Heart failure Case study level Mb – Myocardial infarction

Respiratory system case studies by Soraya Dhillon and Andrzej Kostrzewski

Case study level 1 – Asthma – community Case study level 2 – Asthma – acute on chronic Case study level 3 – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with co-morbidity Case study level Ma – COPD Case study level Mb – Brittle asthma

Obstetrics, gynaecology and UTI case studies by Alka Mistry

Case study level 1 – Primary dysmenorrhoea Case study level 2 – Urinary tract infections in pregnancy Case study level 3 – Pelvic inflammatory disease Case study level Ma – Endometriosis management in secondary care Case study level Mb – Management of severe pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia

Liver disease case studies by Caron Weeks and Mark Tomlin

Case study level 1 – Alcoholic cirrhosis; alcohol withdrawal Case study level 2 – Alcoholic cirrhosis; management of bleeding risk and treatment for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence Case study level 3 – Hepatic encephalopathy and ascites Case study level Ma – Pulmonary tuberculosis Case study level Mb – Liver failure  

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Liver disease case studies: Case study level 1 – Alcoholic cirrhosis; alcohol withdrawal

Cardiovascular case studies: case study level mb – myocardial infarction, cardiovascular case studies : case study level 3 – atrial fibrillation.

Nice sources

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Our Pharmacy Blog

How to answer pharmacy case studies.

How to Answer Pharmacy Case Studies

Whether you’re a student of pharmacy, medicine or nursing – you cannot underestimate the value of case studies.

Case studies bring together the essential strands of your professional study. They are the means through which you analyse a patient, their condition, the medicines they are taking and the impact that additional medicines have on their circumstances.

Studying subjects separately – whether it be pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics or clinical pharmacy – has value, but it’s though practicing case studies that bring the essential, relevant facts into sharp relief.

Reaching the next level

Case studies are what elevate your status from general student into prospective clinical professional. The more case studies you review, the more rounded your knowledge becomes. Your critical thinking skills become more refined and more focussed.

The link between chemistry, how it translates into a meaningful pharmacological impact, and how these twin forces inform your real-life clinical judgement, suddenly begins to make sense.

To begin with, case studies are challenging, difficult and can dampen your confidence. In time, case studies become enjoyable, insightful and a positive force that serves to nourish clinical judgement.

It’s through persistence and hard work that you reap the long-term benefits of case studies. Knowing how to approach case studies , then, is important. With the wrong approach and an improper mindset, you’ll never extract the value that case studies bring.

How to approach case studies

When faced with a case study, approach it with the following points in mind:

Review the case study more than once . Never rush into a case study, picking and choosing facts you understand. Instead, approach the case study with an open mind. Be prepared to accept that you might not know the answer straight-off. The study may require some careful consideration, time and reflection.

Evaluate the clinical significance of each statement . If told that the patient’s blood pressure is 148/90, relate this fact to every other detail in the question. Is hypertension a side effect of any of the patient’s medicines? Does the presence of hypertension mean that the patient’s dosing is incorrect? Is hypertension a cause of a drug-drug interaction?

Perhaps hypertension is not caused by any medicine but is instead related to the patient’s lifestyle. In other words, you need to approach each statement from a multi-dimensional perspective – reviewing every possible angle and dismissing those angles that cannot possibly be true.

Take the patient’s age into consideration . Knowing the patient’s age is extremely important. When informed of the patient’s age, think about:

• Whether the patient is a child. Dosing is lower in children. Many medicines cannot be administered to children (think of aspirin and tetracyclines, for example).
• Older patients are more likely to experience side effects. For example – CNS effects, such as drowsiness or dizziness, are invariably worse. Older patients are more susceptible to infection, too. The risk of bleeding increases too, a factor that should inform your judgement of anticoagulants, such as warfarin.
• Age and the onset of biological change. Female patients over the typical menopausal age may be taking bisphosphonates to ward off (or treat) the onset of osteoporosis. Male patients over of the age of 40 produce less antidiuretic hormone, meaning they urinate more.
• How senescence impacts drug metabolism. Older patients metabolise drugs at a slower rate than younger patients, impacting their adverse effect profile.

Of course, these are just some of the factors you should consider. At this point, we must appreciate why age is, when evaluating case studies, is an important consideration.

How their medical history informs the debate . An older patient may be admitted to the hospital with an acute bacterial infection. Five years ago, they patient may have been treated for deep vein thrombosis. As a result, anticoagulant therapy should be considered. There are three reasons:

• First, the patient is older meaning that risk of recurring DVT increases
• The patient has a history of DVT
• The patient will be relatively immobile during hospital admission, increasing risk

The relationship between past disease and current treatment is important.

Understand diagnostic parameters . As a prospective clinical professional, you must understand the various diagnostic factors at play.

For example – sodium, potassium, white blood cell and cholesterol ranges; what is normal, what are considered low values and what high values mean? Understand the relationship between these factors, the medicines the patient is taking and the how their underlying disease impacts both factors.

For example – proton-pump inhibitors reduce gastric acid levels. Because ketoconazole is best absorbed in acidic conditions, proton-pump inhibitors impact absorption and therapeutic efficacy. High gastric pH also reduces metabolism of essential nutrients, such as vitamin B 12 .

Know side effects and drug interactions . It’s challenging to learn the major side effects and drug interactions. It doesn’t come overnight – it takes time. That’s why studying pharmacy case studies is important; they give you the opportunity to apply the learning you’ve done so far and extract the detail that you have yet to learn. Take two minutes to revise our compilation of major side effects .

Build your knowledge of side effects over time. Often, knowing the drug’s mechanism of action is enough to inform your judgement of either potential side effects or drug interactions.

For example – knowing that opioids, such as buprenorphine, causes respiratory depression should trigger alarm bells if the patient is co-prescribed another medicine, such as alprazolam; a benzodiazepine which itself causes respiratory depression.

Practice, practice, practice!

Knowing how to answer pharmacy case studies effectively is invariably down to practice, too. The more practice, the more knowledge gaps are plugged and the greater the degree of context you construct around specific clinical topics.

At PharmaFactz, we have developed over pharmacy case studies for you to practice . These case studies cover just about every aspect of clinical pharmacy – major organ systems, diagnostics, blood test results, side effects and drug interactions, and the essential clinical facts you need to know – helping you acquire the knowledge and expertise you need to excel at pharmacy case studies.

• Anticancer Pharmacology
• Antimicrobial Drugs
• Cardiovascular Pharmacology
• Clinical Case Study
• Clinical Pharmacy
• General Pharmacology
• GI Pharmacology
• Immune System Pharmacology
• Nervous System Pharmacology
• Respiratory Pharmacology
• Study Tips and Tricks

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Don't stop learning now, you may also like, statins pharmacology, loop diuretics pharmacology, triptans pharmacology.

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Case Studies in Pharmacy Ethics (3 edn)

Professor of Medical Ethics Emeritus and Senior Research Scholar

Director, Center for Health Policy and Ethics and Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Endowed Chair in Health Sciences

Medical Safety Clinical Pharmacist

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The third edition of Case Studies in Pharmacy Ethics presents a comprehensive series of cases faced by pharmacists that raise ethical issues, with chapters arranged in a manner that simultaneously presents the topics that would be covered in a course on ethical theory. After an introduction, the book is divided into three parts. The introduction takes up four basic issues in ethical theory: the source, meaning, and justification of ethical claims; the two major ways of determining if acts are morally right; how moral rules apply to specific situations; and what ought to be done in specific cases. Part I deals with conceptual issues. Chapter 1 presents a five-step model the pharmacist can use for ethical problem solving. Chapter 2 addresses identification of value judgments in pharmacy and separation of ethical from nonethical value judgments. Chapter 3 looks at where the pharmacist should turn to find the source of ethical judgments. Part II presents cases organized around the major principles of ethics: beneficence and nonmaleficence, justice and the allocation of resources, autonomy, veracity (dealing honestly with patients), fidelity (including confidentiality), and avoidance of killing. Part III presents cases organized around topics that present ethical controversy: abortion, sterilization, and contraception; genetics and birth technologies; and mental health and behavior control. The remaining chapters cover drug formularies and drug distribution systems; health insurance, health system planning, and rationing; pharmaceutical research; consent to drug therapies; and terminally ill patients. The book includes links to professional codes of ethics and a glossary.

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• Pharmacy Practice

PAI Case Studies

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Learn how pharmacy professionals at hospitals and health-systems across the country successfully implemented PAI 2030's recommendations to advance patient care.

Submit your case study here.

Share how your practice site is implementing one or more of the PAI 2030 recommendations . Your experiences may be included in our PAI 2030 Case Studies, designed to help hospitals, health systems, or other practice areas create momentum on similar initiatives.

Your testimonials will show how the implementation of PAI recommendations can promote optimal medication use, expand pharmacist and technician roles, and harness data to improve patient health. As we review your submissions, we will follow up with any additional questions and/or next steps.

OSF Healthcare

Montefiore Health System

Los Angeles County + University of Southern California (LAC+USC) Medical Center Adult Primary Care Clinics

Indiana University Health Bloomington Hospital

Nebraska Medicine

Whole Health Pharmacy Partners

Geisinger Enterprise Pharmacy and Cancer Institute

Selma Medical Associates

University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Beth israel deaconess medical center.

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Pharmacy Case Study

Your team is faced with the challenge of thinking of ways to improve the medication adherence among elderly patients. These elderly patients are particularly challenging because of polypharmacy and potential age-related impairments. They often use several medications often prescribed by multiple providers.

You believe that incorporating a PharmD on the health care team can improve the management of chronic diseases for these patients as pharmacists are highly accessible healthcare providers and pharmacist services can improve medication adherence for the population. The health system has limited resources and wants to verify what pharmacist-led interventions are most effective before developing a plan.

For accessible versions of these activities, please refer to our document Step 1: Ask – Accessible Case Studies .

Evidence-Based Practice Copyright © by Various Authors - See Each Chapter Attribution is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

How CEOs Are Using Gen AI for Strategic Planning

by Graham Kenny , Marek Kowalkiewicz and Kim Oosthuizen

Summary .   

For business leaders, especially at relatively small companies, the idea of applying gen AI to strategic planning is mouthwatering.  This article explores the potential and limits of AI in helping such companies chart their strategies.  Through the lens of two disguised case studies the authors show how gen AI can help companies identify some challenges and opportunities that managers missed, overcoming the human biases, but by the same token missed some possibilities rooted in the company’s specific capabilities. And although gen AI was less able to imagine possible future scenarios because its forecasts were entirely rooted in historical data, clever promoting enabled it to surface issues and questions that human managers ignored.  The authors conclude that knowing gen AI’s weaknesses allows managers to take advantage of its strengths. The key is to view gen AI as a tool that augments, rather than replaces, your strategic thinking and decision-making.

The business community is all atwitter at the prospect that gen AI — through the likes of ChatGPT, you.com, and Claude.ai — will revolutionize business decision-making. Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, even declared “you are about to enter the greatest golden age of human possibility.”

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CASE STUDY 3–1

Common side effects would be included in all major compendia (e.g., Micromedex ® 2.0, Clinical Pharmacology, or Facts & Comparisons) which would be a good initial search. In addition, some of the adverse effect specific resources (e.g., Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs) would be appropriate to consult for less common side effects.

CASE STUDY 3–2

There are a variety of resources that could be consulted for this information including the text Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation or some of the major compendia (possibly, Micromedex ® 2.0 or Clinical Pharmacology).

The resources classify levofloxacin as an agent with unknown safety, but likely to be safe.

In order to best answer this question, the requestor should determine if the disease state has other treatment options which have more data available and if the infant is receiving any formula supplementation.

CASE STUDY 3–3

The student might start a search for general information in a toxicology text such as Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. That could be followed with a search in Micromedex ® 2.0 to find some general toxicology information; specifically the POISONDEX component of that resource would provide comprehensive information on this topic.

The student would do best to search using the generic name of the medication, in this case using chlorpheniramine.

CASE STUDY 3–4

In a case you are not familiar with a term, a general Internet search might be a good start to help streamline your search. An Internet search shows that AMDUCA stands for Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994. Knowing that the term refers to a specific piece of legislation, you would be prompted to consider searching the American Veterinarian Medical Association Web page or Food and Drug Administration Web page.

CASE STUDY 3–5

Since this would be an off-label use, there may be less data in the tertiary resources. In this case it is likely more efficient to do a search in the secondary resources. Medline is a good place to start.

Initially conducting a search with no restrictions/limits ensures that valuable information is not missed.

If the initial search yields a significant number of results, then a restriction to human clinical trials would be beneficial. When conducting this search it is important to realize that the term female sexual arousal disorder has changed over time, so maybe a more general search for female sexual dysfunctions will give more responses. In addition, searching for the specific drug sildenafil will yield useful data, but expanding the search using the class of drugs will provide more data.

CASE STUDY 3–6

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Case Studies

Celebrating 25 Years of Partnership and Innovation in Health Care

MJH Life Sciences Celebrates 25 Years

Treatment Approaches for Patients With Graft-Vs-Host Disease May Require Flexibility

Pharmacists Enhance Care for Patients With HR+/HER2– Breast Cancer on CDK4/6 Inhibitor Therapy

Senior Care Pharmacists Can Provide Essential Services for Older Adults

Navigating Bispecific Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma: Best Practices and Clinical Implementation

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