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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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Marisa A McPherson, PhD

Abstract Library anxiety has been identified as a contributory factor to poor academic performance among students, and libraries are being challenged to give serious consideration to this phenomenon in order to develop strategies for reducing the problem. This study sought to determine if there were any indicators of the presence of library anxiety among a sample of 150 undergraduates in the faculty of Humanities and Education at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus and some of the factors contributing to this condition. The findings indicated the presence of library anxiety of short-term duration among the students due to both personal and institutional factors. Some personal factors included a lack of the relevant information literacy skills, absence of previous library experience, ignorance of the capability and extent of the library information retrieval systems and confusion when trying to find their way around the library. Institutional factors included the relatively large size of the library, the layout and organization of floors and collection, unavailability of computers and lack of appropriate signage. Recommendations were made to help alleviate the problems that appear to have triggered library anxiety. Keywords Library anxiety, academic library, undergraduate students, University of the West Indies, library phobia, library avoidance.

Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science

Zainab Awang Ngah

Library anxiety is one of the psychological barriers that encounter students when they are performing a library task. This study explores library anxiety among 51 Sudanese university students using diary method for data collection. The finding indicates that library anxiety among Sudanese university students are manifested into five dimensions, namely; (a) Negative perceptions towards library environment, (b) Negative perceptions towards peer students, (c) Negative perceptions towards library staff, (d) Negative perceptions towards library services, and (e) Psychological barriers. Details of statements under the dimensions highlight the issues that are unique and not covered by previous studies in library anxiety.

Information Development

Abdullah Noori , Hashmat Tareen , Hazrat Usman Mashwani

The objective of the current study was to examine library anxiety level among Universiti Technologi Mara (UiTM) undergraduate and Postgraduate students. Furthermore, the study also aimed to correlate students' library anxiety with constructs such as age, gender, the highest qualification, the frequency of library visits, CGPA, the field of study, and mode of study, which are believed to influence students' levels of library anxiety. The study used a quantitative, descriptive survey method using Library Anxiety Scale questionnaire to collect data from the respondents. The data through the questionnaire was collected from a sample of 146 respondents of which 56 were male and 90 were females. Meanwhile, 65 of them were undergraduate and the other 81 were postgraduate students studying in 17 different faculties of UiTM. The participants were randomly selected and participated voluntarily in the study. The data gathered through the questionnaire was analyzed using Statistical SPSS v.23 where both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as t-tests, One-Way ANOVA, and correlation were used to test hypotheses. The results of the study reveal a moderately low level of library anxiety among UiTM students. In addition, the results of the study indicate that students' demographic profiles did not have any significant effect on their levels of library anxiety.

Anthony Onwuegbuzie

Abstract: This study investigated factors related to five antecedents of library anxiety among college students:(1) barriers with staff (the perception that librarians and other library staff are intimidating and unapproachable;(2) affective barriers (feelings of inadequacy about ...

Kastamonu Education Journal

Güler Demir , Ilker CAKMAKKAYA

Kütüphane kaygısı öğrencilerin başarısı üzerinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturan, hatta kütüphane kullanımından kaçınılmasına yol açan yaygın bir durumdur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü lisans öğrencilerinin kütüphane kaygısı olup olmadığını saptamak, varsa bu kaygının düzeyini değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin kütüphane kaygısının “sürekli kaygı” (trait anxiety) ile ilgisi olup olmadığı da araştırılmaktadır. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü 2006 yılında kurulmuş ve 2014 yılında da öğrenci kabul etmeye başlamıştır. Şu anda (2015) mevcut toplam öğrenci sayısı (45 birinci sınıf ve 33 ikinci sınıf öğrencisi ile) 78’e ulaşmıştır. Çalışmada önce örneklem olarak alınan 57 lisans öğrencisine Zung Kendi Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (Zung Self Rating Scale) uygulanmış ve öğrencilerin durumluluk (state anxiety) ile sürekli kaygıları (trait anxiety) arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Daha sonra Bostick’in Kütüphane Kaygısı Ölçeği (Bostick’s Library Anxiety Scale) aracılığı ile bu öğrencilerin kütüphane kaygısı ölçülmüştür. Araştırma/anket sonuçları söz konusu öğrencilerin aşağı yukarı % 77’sinin kütüphane kaygısı duyduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin kütüphane kaygısının ortalama 40,8 düzeyinde olduğu saptanan sürekli kaygıları ile bağlantısı olmadığı da görülmüştür. It is already known that library anxiety is a common issue which causes many negative effects on students’ success and can even lead to library use avoidance. The main aim of this study is to examine if the undergraduate students of Information and Records Management in Kastamonu University have experienced library anxiety and to determine the level of experienced anxiety. It is also examined whether library anxiety they feel, was related to trait anxiety of those undergraduate students. The department of Information and Records Management in the Faculty of Science and Letters, in Kastamonu University was established in 2006 and began to admit students in 2014, and the current student population of the department (2015) has risen to 78. First, it was measured if there is a relationship between two variables; trait and state anxiety of 57 undergraduate students by Zung Self Rating Scale for depression. Then library anxiety was measured using the Bostick’s Library Anxiety Scale. The survey’s findings showed that about 77 percent of the students experienced library anxiety. Besides it was also found that the students’ library anxiety is independent from their trait anxiety which its level is 40,8.

Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association

Anna J. Shelmerdine

Ilker CAKMAKKAYA

It is already known that library anxiety is a common issue which causes many negative effects on students’ success and can even lead to library use avoidance. The main aim of this study is to examine if the undergraduate students of Information and Records Management in Kastamonu University have experienced library anxiety and to determine the level of experienced anxiety. It is also examined whether library anxiety they feel, was related to trait anxiety of those undergraduate students. The department of Information and Records Management in the Faculty of Science and Letters, in Kastamonu University was established in 2006 and began to admit students in 2014, and the current student population of the department (2015) has risen to 78. First, it was measured if there is a relationship between two variables; trait and state anxiety of 57 undergraduate students by Zung Self Rating Scale for depression. Then library anxiety was measured using the Bostick’s Library Anxiety Scale. The survey’s findings showed that about 77 percent of the students experienced library anxiety. Besides it was also found that the students’ library anxiety is independent from their trait anxiety which its level is 40,8.

Marzena Świgoń

This paper presents the phenomenon of library anxiety among Polish students and reports on the development and validation of the Polish Library Anxiety Scale (P-LAS), which was created on the basis of Bostick’s Library Anxiety Scale (LAS) and other scales (MLAS, H-LAS, Kuwait-LAS). P-LAS consists of six components: barriers with staff, affective barriers, technological barriers, library knowledge barriers, library comfort barriers and resources barriers. Research in developing this instrument included, as well as deep analysis of the literature, two empirical stages: 1) initial studies (2001), the aim of which was to determine, whether library anxiety occurs among Polish students and 2) later studies on validation of the P-LAS (2009). The initial study concluded that about 40% of the surveyed Polish students may be affected by some form of library anxiety. The general level of library anxiety among Polish respondents, according to later studies, was relatively low – average amounted to 2.35 (low anxiety).

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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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See an example

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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Soft Assets: Review of Recent Literature

• First Online: 06 September 2024

Cite this chapter

• Eiko Wataya 4 &
• Rajib Shaw 5  

Part of the book series: Disaster Risk Reduction ((DRR))

This chapter examines and summarizes the previous literature and research about how soft assets have been effectively integrated by cities to build smart resilient cities to achieve, sustainable development outcomes. The way soft assets are managed in city development can result in maximum impact in the long term and become the foundation of quality infrastructure in the city. It ensures value for money and reduces life-cycle costs. Definition of smart cities and smart city trends in developing countries are also examined. Different frameworks including resilient city framework are analyzed and comparison of key theme, sectors, pillars under different assessment indicators and framework. Key pillars to establish smart cities are discussed, as well as research that supports the incorporation of soft assets in tandem with hard infrastructure to promote effective urban development, social well-being, and sustainability.

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‘Hard infrastructure’ means ICT-integrated physical infrastructure since today, most of physical infrastructure are linked to technology.

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Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan

Eiko Wataya

Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan

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Wataya, E., Shaw, R. (2024). Soft Assets: Review of Recent Literature. In: Soft Assets in Smart and Resilient City Development. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3373-6_2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3373-6_2

Published : 06 September 2024

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