gender issues essay tagalog

FASTLearn Episode 37 – Mga Batayang Kaalaman sa Pagpaplanong Pangwika

FASTLearn Episode 15 – Understanding Gender Sensitivity and Gender Responsiveness

FASTLearn Episode 37 – Mga Batayang Kaalaman sa Pagpaplanong Pangwika

FASTLearn Episode 38 – Ang Sitwasyong Pangwika ng Pilipinas

FASTLearn Episode 39 – Ano ang UP Palisi sa Wika?

FASTLearn Episode 40 – What is the Difference Between Kawanggawa and Damayan?

FASTLearn Episode 17 – How to Operationalize Gender Sensitivity and Gender Responsiveness?
FASTLearn Episode 18 – Understanding Gender Issues in the Education Sector
FASTLearn Episode 19 – The Strategies in Addressing Gender Issues in the Education Sector
FASTLearn Episode 20 – How to Integrate Gender in Education Programs?

What do you mean by gender sensitivity and gender responsiveness?

Okay, so let’s begin with gender sensitivity. It’s actually the ability of people or organizations or even policies or programs for them to be able to identify if there are gender issues embedded in those programs, policies or even activities. Kumbaga, siya yung kakayahan ng bawat isa sa atin na tao o ng mga organizations, para masabi at maprevent sana kung merong gender issues na nakalakip doon sa ating mga iniisip na mga programa, proposals, policies. Pag tungkol naman sa gender responsiveness, kumbaga requirement yung pagkakaroon ng gender sensitivity para matawag nating gender responsive yung isang programa, policy, or activity. But when we say gender responsiveness kasi, mas may action involved doon because we are hoping that there are preventive or rehabilitative or transformative policies or programs that will enable us to prevent or address gender issues from happening. So these two concepts are very much interrelated to each other, but usually in the policies of our government or even in the frameworks that we use in organizations, they work hand-in-hand or usually they are being used interchangeably.

What is the importance of these concepts in our daily lives?

These are all important, gender sensitivity, gender responsiveness, or even the general perspective or development perspective or development framework na gender and development.Una sa lahat, they are embedded in all our policies at the national level, even at the international level, because the Philippines is a signatory to the various United Nations conventions related to gender and development, even elimination of all forms of violence against women, which is actually very much aligned and one of the goals of the implementation or operationalization of gender sensitivity. So, yon ang una, syempre compliance, but of course we are always after beyond compliance. Bakit ba natin gusto na magkaroon ng gender sensitivity and gender responsiveness? Kasi una, syempre, gender rights are human rights. We don’t want to be living in a society where there is violence, violence against anyone. And for our case, we are talking about violence against women or violence against any person based on their gender, yung tinatawag nating gender-based violence. So for all people, ayaw nating mangyari ito na mayroong gender issues around that will hamper our growth, our potential, our development, and of course our contribution to the society’s growth or development. Sa bawat isa naman sa atin, based on our roles, syempre importante ito. Like for students, importante na ang mga kabataan, ang mga estudyante, ang mga mag-aaral, are very much free to express themselves at very much protected from all forms of gender-based violence even within their homes, even in their schools kasi lahat naman nang ito ay major institutions for socialization and for their development as human beings. Sa ating mga adults naman, syempre importante na tayo din ay nagagawa natin at nakakapagcontribute tayo sa kung ano yung gusto nating icontribute, at naeexpress din natin yung ating mga sarili base sa kung ano yung pagkatao, o kung papasukan natin ito ng gender is yung ating gender identity. Because we believe that all human beings, no matter what their gender identity is and gender expression, we all have our rights to our expression and to contribute to the development of ourselves and of course of the society that we are living. At importante kasi na nauunawaan talaga natin yung kahalagahan nitong, yung gender and development at kung paano rin ito nakakahamper sa ating pagkatao at sa ating human rights per se, because as I mentioned, gender rights are human rights. Because it’s for everyone, not just for women alone, not just for LGBTQIA+, but it’s for everyone because everyone has their human rights. So importante na nauunawaan natin yung pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga ito.

How useful was this resource?

Click on a star to rate it!

Average rating 5 / 5. Vote count: 1

No votes so far! Be the first to rate this post.

As you found this post useful...

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Trending Now:

To receive updates on new learning resources, subscribe to this site.

Looking for other resources, featured educational resources.

FASTLearn Episode 41 - How to Begin Serving our Communities

The Incidence and Nature of Everyday Sexism in Filipino Women’s Lives: Comparisons of Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences

In this article, Bea investigated potential differences in the incidence and nature of everyday sexism in the lives of heterosexual and sexual minority Filipino women. Examples of everyday sexist events include comments on gender stereotypes, jokes about women or girls related to their gender, and ogling.

The current study compares the experiences of everyday sexism of heterosexual women and sexual minority women using an online survey questionnaire with both quantitative and qualitative data analyses. Author: Beatriz A. Torre

Journal: Review of Women’s Studies

Citation: Torre, B. A. (2021). The incidence and nature of everyday sexism in Filipino women’s lives: Comparisons of heterosexual and sexual minority women’s experiences. Review of Women’s Studies, 31 (1), 63–100.

What was the study’s objective?
What research question/s did the study aim to answer?
Ambivalent sexism theory
Intersectionality theory
Intercategorical approach (to intersectionality research)
What was/were the study’s data collection method/s?
What was/were the study’s data analysis method/s?
What are the study’s design/methodological strengths?
What are the study’s design/methodological weaknesses or points of improvement?

[ Individual/group activity ]

Answer the following questions:

The study’s researcher collected data using an online survey. Why do you think they did so, despite the limitations of online ways of dissemination?
Older women (40 years old and above)
Women with lower educational attainment
Women from minority religious groups

[ Group activity ]

Choose one of the sexual and gender minority subgroups enumerated below and construct a short survey (less than 20 items) on the corresponding topic. The survey can be a questionnaire or an interview guide based on already existing literature and measures (similar to the one used in the current study) on the topic, and the items can be close-ended, open-ended, or both. If working on an interview guide, it can be structured or semi-structured.

Lesbian women and everyday heterosexism
Gay men and everyday heterosexism
Transgender people and everyday cisgenderism
Bisexual people and everyday monosexism

Get Involved

English pdf (0.8 MB)

Fast Facts: Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in the Philippines

August 1, 2013.

Gender equality is well advanced in the Philippines. The country scores well on international gender equality measures and indices, but more is needed to sustain the achievements and to overcome remaining challenges. Despite a favorable policy environment – the Philippines is signatory to international human rights instruments and has successfully enacted policies and laws for the protection and promotion of women’s rights - the implementation of policies appears uneven and slow.

Document Type

Regions and countries, related publications.

Publications

Undp philippines thematic focus briefer on circular econo....

The new UNDP Country Programme Document (CPD 2024 - 2028) for the Philippines focuses on three key areas of intervention: inclusion and resilience building; sus...

UNDP Philippines Thematic Focus Briefer on DIGITALIZATION

UNDP Philippines Thematic Focus Briefer on SOCIAL ENTERPR...

UNDP Philippines Thematic Focus Briefer on SUSTAINABLE LI...

Green LGU Project Briefer

Under the EU-PH Partnership for the Green Economy (EU-GEPP, the Green LGUs Project aims to enhance the capacities and practices of LGUs on circular waste econom...

Rethinking Circular Economy: Integrating Gender Equality,...

Rethinking Circular Economy: Integrating Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion is a resource material which seeks to assist circular economy practiti...

Acceptance and Attitudes of Filipinos to the Evolving Gender Roles in the Philippines

― paper details ―.

Micah Angela A. Pedragoza, Mylene C. Prado, April Samuel, and Angelene B. Santos
Social Studies
Paper ID: MIJRDV3I30007
Pages: 89-98
ISSN: 2583-0406
Publication Year: 2024

Abstract ―

Despite ongoing societal pressure to change traditional gender roles, inequality persists, exerting a substantial influence on various aspects of our society, including actions, lifestyles, occupations, and social duties. Gender inequality remains a prevalent issue globally and demands direct attention aimed at challenging and reshaping ingrained gender roles. In the exploration and evaluation of Filipino perceptions and perspectives regarding assigned gender roles in Philippine society, a descriptive correlational design was employed. The study collected data from random residents in Mandaluyong City, with the primary objective of scrutinizing the relationship between respondents' selected demographic profiles and their acceptance and attitudes toward the evolving gender roles in the Philippines. The findings revealed significant correlations between respondents' age, nature of work, and educational attainment with their level of acceptance. Likewise, when examining the association between age and respondents' attitudes toward gender roles, a noteworthy relationship emerged. Additionally, a robust and significant association between acceptance and attitude was identified, highlighting that positive attitudes were linked to a higher acceptance of evolving gender roles. This underscores the complex interplay of factors shaping societal perspectives on gender roles and emphasizes the need for targeted efforts to address and overcome persistent gender inequality.

Keywords ―

Acceptance, Attitude, Gender Role, Gender Equality.

Cite this Publication ―

Micah Angela A. Pedragoza, Mylene C. Prado, April Samuel, and Angelene B. Santos (2024), Acceptance and Attitudes of Filipinos to the Evolving Gender Roles in the Philippines. Multidisciplinary International Journal of Research and Development (MIJRD), Volume: 03 Issue: 03, Pages: 89-98. https://www.mijrd.com/papers/v3/i3/MIJRDV3I30007.pdf

Related Papers ―

Regional dynamics of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in north africa, challenges in the application of indigenous knowledge (ik) in the management of ecotourism around the mount cameroon national park, capability of bureau of fire protection personnel in responding to emergencies in the province of sorsogon, perception of filipino parents on the proposed mandatory reserve officers’ training corps (rotc) and its impact to country’s disaster preparedness, credit card usage pattern: a lifestyle facilitator, acceptance and attitude of filipinos towards lgbtqia+ community.

Overcoming barriers to women’s work in the Philippines

Helle buchhave, nadia belhaj hassine belghith.

Woman cleans handrail at a mall in Taguig City, Philippines

The current status of women in the Philippines is both a cause for optimism and a reason to accelerate efforts for promoting better access to jobs for all women. On several fronts, the Philippines is a best performer when it comes to gender equality in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region and even globally. In the latest Global Gender Gap report, the Philippines occupies the 17th place, with 78.4% of its overall gender gap closed to date. This performance is the second best in the EAP region, after New Zealand. A key driver behind the progress has been the Philippine Magna Carta for Women, a landmark law signed nearly 13 years ago seeking to eliminate discrimination against women.

With the impressive performance in closing key gender gaps, it is therefore striking that women’s labor force participation remains persistently low. At just 49%, the Philippines’ female labor force participation in 2019 was one of the lowest in the EAP region (regional average rate is 59%). In contrast, 76% of Filipino men were in the labor force, creating a massive gender gap. Progress towards closing the gap has been minimal and female labor force participation has remained roughly the same since 1990, with the gap shrinking by a mere 0.3 percentage points since 2015.

Women’s low labor force participation represents a missed opportunity for economic growth and increased prosperity in the Philippines. An increase of women’s labor supply by a mere 0.5 percentage points per year would increase gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by about 6% by 2040 and almost 10% by 2050.

In our recent report, Overcoming the Barriers to Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Philippines , we set out to better understand what is holding women back from the labor market and what is hindering the Philippines’ gain from the growth potential associated with women’s economic empowerment. We document that childcare and social norms about gender roles in the household play a critical role in holding back women’s participation in the labor market in the Philippines. The report adds to our research across the EAP region offering evidence on the linkages between constraints to women’s labor force participation and access to childcare services in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Solomon Islands, and Vietnam .

What are the barriers to women’s labor force participation in the Philippines? We find four main answers:

Skills. Women who work are mostly concentrated in low skill positions (due to economic necessity) or high skill occupations (because of high rates of education). Women in low skill positions work to avoid falling further into poverty, whereas women in high skill occupations tend to select into the labor force with high earnings potential. Although many women work in private establishments or are self-employed, an important share (around 10%) of women are employed without pay in family-owned businesses and as domestic workers, occupations which tend to offer narrower avenues for skills development and career growth. Men on the other hand represent only 4% in these occupations. An important lesson from the COVID-19 lockdown was that more than a third of women (35%) who remained employed were able to work from home as compared to 19% of men. The pandemic has also opened some new working-from-home opportunities with industries such as business process outsourcing and e-commerce .

Wage gap. Women earn more on average than men, but women in low skill positions earn much less than men. In families with both men and women being low skilled workers, the household income will suffer significantly less if the female engages in unpaid work than if the man does. In low skill positions, the daily wage is over 50% higher for men than for women, whereas in high skill occupations, the daily wage is about 20% higher for women than for men.

Care responsibilities. The number of children reduces the likelihood of women’s employment. A large proportion of women are held back from productive employment opportunities by their family responsibilities and the concentration of women in high-skill positions declines considerably when they have young children. Having been married and having a young child aged 0 to 2 years old decreases the probability of women’s participation in the labor market by 7-14 percentage points. The presence of domestic help reduces this negative effect, reflecting how economic inequalities reinforce gender disparities.

Norms. Attitudes and beliefs about women’s roles and responsibilities decrease the probability of women’s engagement in the labor market by 14 to 22 percentage points (ISSP Family and Changing Gender Roles Survey and World Values Survey). According to our 2021 nationally representative survey on women’s work and childcare, 75% of male and 80% of female respondents agree that a man’s job is to earn money and a woman’s job is to take care of the family and home. More than 70% of men and 76% of women believe that the emotional and psychosocial development skills of a preschool child suffers with a mother working outside the home (a belief that stands in contract to global research see for example Devercelli and Beaton-Day 2020). Moreover, willingness to use childcare services is limited, with over 95% of both men and women believing that childcare should be provided by family members.

What can the government do? We discussed policy recommendations at a recent roundtable between the World Bank, the Philippines Commission on Women, National Economic and Development Authority, the Department of Education, and Oxfam Philippines. Key outcomes were that findings highlight the need for policies and programs that increase female labor force participation in the Philippines by i) providing alternatives to childcare in the home; ii) promoting policies supporting flexible work arrangements, including work from home and e-commerce , such as amendment of the Telecommuting Act (Republic Act 11165); and iii) addressing gendered social norms that affect women’s participation in the labor market through media campaigns, behavioral and attitude change interventions that influence opinions about masculinity, gender roles, earlier childhood development, legislation and company policies that equally promotes parents to engage in care responsibilities.

“We keep gender equality front and center in our work,” according to Ndiame Diop , the World Bank’s Country Director for the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand. The World Bank is committed to supporting the Philippines, and one of the priorities of the World Bank’s Philippines FY20-24 Country Gender Action Plan is to increase women’s access to paid labor.

Philippines
East Asia and Pacific

Get updates from East Asia & Pacific on the Rise

Thank you for choosing to be part of the East Asia & Pacific on the Rise community!

Your subscription is now active. The latest blog posts and blog-related announcements will be delivered directly to your email inbox. You may unsubscribe at any time.

Senior Social Development Specialist and Global Gender Lead

Senior Economist

Join the Conversation

Share on mail
comments added

Jump to navigation

Welcome to Oxfam Philippines

The future is equal

Search form, survey: filipinos still believe gender stereotypes on breadwinning, unpaid care work but positive changes seen.

To shed light on the current situation of unpaid care work in Filipino homes, especially among urban millennials in the BPO sector, Oxfam Pilipinas, with the support of Investing in Women, commissioned The Women and Gender Institute (WAGI) of Miriam College to conduct a study on the issue.

The study officially launched Tuesday (March 29) showed that Filipino women are still bearing the brunt of unpaid care work, resulting in many of them juggling full-time work and a “second shift” at home tending to backbreaking household chores and caring for family members.

“Findings from the research, which involved 232 respondents, confirm that traditional gender norms or stereotypes surrounding unpaid care work and breadwinning still persist in this day and age. Women are still pressured to do more household chores and care work even while working full-time. Men are also still expected to be primary breadwinners of households,” said Leah Payud, Oxfam Pilipinas Resilience Portfolio Manager.

Payud added, “Nevertheless, there’s a lot of potential for positive changes to occur among urban millennials. Also, due to the high rate of women employed in BPOs, the industry is a promising area to begin shifting gender norms for the better.”

WAGI and Oxfam Pilipinas, which has supported several surveys and studies on gender rights in the Philippines, conducted the Action Research “Addressing Gender Norms on Unpaid Care, Domestic Work and Breadwinning in the time of COVID-19” as women breadwinners have been experiencing longer hours doing household chores and caring for their families during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Oxfam previously released a household survey showing that men spent more hours doing unpaid care work during the pandemic. However, women still shouldered the bulk of the tasks.

READ RELATED STUDY: Filipino men log more care work hours due to pandemic but bulk of tasks still fall fall on women--survey

Of the 232 respondents of the 2022 action research, all were full-time BPO employees and nearly half were household heads. Majority (78%) are from Metro Manila, 15% are from Metro Cebu and the rest are from other parts of the country. There were a select number of the respondents who were also in focus group discussions.

During the launch of the research, attended by Investing in Women, representatives from the Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board (Region VIII), and Philippine Commission on Women, Oxfam Pilipinas shared the results of WAGI’s action research with professionals within the BPO sector, gender and inclusion advocates, as well as key stakeholders.

Persistent Gender Norms When it Comes to Breadwinning and Unpaid Care Work

Key findings from Oxfam Pilipinas and WAGI’s research indicate that:

Women still take on much of the responsibilities in the home, such as unpaid care work and household chores.
Breadwinning is still a responsibility mostly taken up by men but urban millennials believe women can also be breadwinners.
Women continue to be held against very high standards, especially when seeking to apply for traditionally male roles.
The traditional gender norm that men are preferable leaders compared to women — because men are seen as decisive, intentional and strong whereas women are seen as tentative, emotional and indecisive — remains pervasive.
Workplace discrimination based on one’s sexual orientation and gender identity still happens.
Balancing work responsibilities with unpaid care and domestic responsibilities has been difficult throughout the pandemic.

Childcare responsibilities chart

Positive Shifts and the Way Towards a More Equitable Future

The research also identified areas for potential positive changes.

“We’ve seen through the study that more women are taking on breadwinner roles. Other family members are also now contributing to unpaid care work to help their parents,” Payud said.

Taking into consideration the issues raised by the respondents, the study suggested the following recommendations:

Ensure diversity among staff by assessing existing job descriptions and requirements and change them to expand pool of applicants;
Ensure better representation of women in leadership roles;
Mainstream unpaid care and domestic work through workplace gender equality programs, including allowing flexible working hours for both men and women employees and extending parental leaves.
emphasizing the need for men to do their fair share of unpaid care work;
advocating for national policies that support men in the workplace who do unpaid care work; and
putting more mechanisms in place that support community care wor k (community kitchens, day care, etc.).
Institutional support for women breadwinners must take into account men who receive women’s financial support, through campaigns and workshops that guide them on how to be a man in a more gender-equal society.
The need to design strategies based on the potential positive changes identified in the study, e.g. unpaid care work involves life-sustaining (not gendered) skills.
Further research on unpaid care work that takes into consideration social class, financial status, and nonbinary and LGBTQIA+ people.

Now that there is preliminary understanding on the perceptions and situations of Filipino urban millennial couples at home, Oxfam believes there is a need for further research and surveys. Factors such as social class or financial status needs to be taken into consideration.

“We also need to make more visible the challenges faced by non-binary and LGBTQIA+ community members,” Payud said.

“Hopefully through our joint work with the government and other organizations, we can raise the awareness about the burden of unpaid care work — how it should be recognized as real work and how those who take on the task should be supported by their families and society,” the Oxfam official said. #

FOR MEDIA INQUIRIES AND COORDINATION:

Kristine Sabillo Guerrero | Senior Officer for Media and Digital Influencing, Oxfam Pilipinas

Email: [email protected]

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings

The PMC website is updating on October 15, 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

Advanced Search
Journal List
Lancet Reg Health West Pac
v.23; 2022 Jun

Violence against women in the Philippines: barriers to seeking support

Isabel kristine m. valdez.

a College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Ma.Veronica Pia N. Arevalo

Janine patricia g. robredo.

b Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Philippines

Sabrina Laya S. Gacad

c Center for Women's and Gender Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Marie Aubrey J. Villaceran

Gertrudes r. libang.

d General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action (GABRIELA), Quezon City, Philippines

Edelina P. Dela Paz

e Social Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

Krissi Shaffina Twyla A. Rubin

f Center for Gender Equality & Women's Human Rights, Commission on Human Rights, Quezon City, Philippines

Michelle Ann B. Eala

g College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, 547 Pedro Gil Street, Manila, 1000, Philippines

The Philippines is among one of the most gender-equal countries in the Western Pacific region. 1 Nevertheless, it is evident that the sociocultural landscape lags behind: one in four Filipino women has experienced gender-based violence, and 41% of victims do not seek help. 2 Despite existing laws and a widespread local anti-violence against women (VAW) movement, multiple barriers to help-seeking exist, and it is ultimately the economic, sociopolitical and cultural structures in the Philippines hindering VAW victims from seeking support.

Like in other Asian countries, Filipino women are stifled by a patriarchal society emphasizing male dominance in family structures and larger social institutions. 3 Traditionally, Filipino men are household heads and breadwinners; women are deemed subservient, hence economic abuse is common in VAW cases, 4 and a high acceptance of justified wife beating exists. 2 Women's pleasures are considered objects to pursue or control, hence they are regarded as a vulnerability. Few women seek help because of expectations to be self-sacrificing, thus giving up safety and security in favor of family reputation. Defying gender norms invites objectification, shame, guilt, and even justification of violence, hence the culture of victim-blaming. 3

Through public debasing of women, condoning rape jokes and sexual remarks, openly harassing female supporters, associating femininity with weakness, and encouraging the military to “shoot women ‘communist rebels’ in the vagina,” the current administration under President Duterte personifies sexism, shaping society's perception of women. This misogyny is tolerated by many citizens, including some women of power. Coined “feminists of convenience,” these individuals advocate women's rights yet remain silent about the President's behavior for personal and family gains and to avoid political backlash. 3 In their silence, the culture of impunity prevails.

It is apparent that women's rights is not the administration's priority, and this manifests systemically through complex referral pathways, fragmented documentation systems, and a slow judicial process. With stringent policies (curfews, checkpoints, and rationed quarantine passes) restricting mobility, this unsettling reality has intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. VAW victims are trapped in their homes, unable to seek help and alternative shelter. 5 Escalation of VAW-related and help-seeking internet search activity is not coincidental. 6 Moreover, health, social, and legal services are largely inaccessible, a situation exacerbated by the diversion of national resources to the pandemic response. Reproductive health services are disrupted by 77-85%, 7 and the adolescent birth rate is 31 per 1000 women. While 10.1% of all live births occur in the 15-19 age group, only 3.2% of these are sired by men of the same age, 8 suggesting duress and power imbalance. 9

Also vulnerable are women facing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, such as transgender women, indigenous women, women with disabilities, poverty-stricken women, and internally displaced women. The additional barriers of stigma, discrimination, State neglect, and harassment from law enforcers contribute to their distrust in the system, making them less likely to report to the police. 5 , 7 Poverty and job insecurity aggravate the situation: women resort to prostitution, and online classes compound the risk of children's sexual exploitation with increased internet exposure. 5 , 11

With the pandemic further threatening women's safety, the priority is ensuring functional, responsive, and accessible VAW responses that are survivor-centered and trauma-informed. Community-based first responders should still be reachable during quarantine. Healthcare providers must be trained for selective enquiry and first-line support of survivors.Referral pathways should be simplified to expedite care and assistance: upon identification of victims, a blanket referral to sexual and reproductive health providers, psychiatric aid, legal assistance, protective shelters, and livelihood assistance can be made. Establishing an active, centralized VAW surveillance system must take into consideration mobility under community restrictions. More accessible communication channels, like social media, must be made available and maximized. Marginalized women should be included in surveillance and protected in legislation, and VAW survivors should be consulted to improve service delivery.

Organizing women, educating them of their rights, promoting rights to pleasure and safety, and encouraging help-seeking behaviors while changing policies that increase vulnerability to VAW will foster women empowerment. Ensuring full implementation of the Magna Carta of Women 10 is imperative in eliminating discrimination. This includes changing gender bias norms, non-discriminatory employment, leave benefits, equal opportunity for education and training, increased information access, and more women in leadership roles to advocate policy reform. Women prefer getting help from their community, 11 hence community-based reporting and response systems should be strengthened in conjunction with bystander education to change sociocultural norms that condone VAW. Ultimately, institutional cultures perpetuating VAW must be tackled with interdisciplinary and intersectoral social and public health interventions, and the community must work hand-in-hand with an accountable government to end VAW in the Philippines.

Contributors

IKMV and MVPNA were in charge of literature search, data analysis, interpretation, and writing. IKMV, MVPNA, JPGR, MABE, SLSG, MAJV, GRL, EDP, and KSTAR all worked to revise and review the manuscript.

Declaration of interests

We declare no conflicts of interest.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

SEXISM AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines is a predominantly patriarchal country. For centuries we have perpetuated a culture that puts men at a very high pedestal, and the women several notches below them. This is because the sexist culture of our Western colonizers have rubbed on ours, that even after they have left and even after decades after we have declared our independence, we still find ourselves passing on the sexist beliefs and ways of life that they left us. In our country, women are severely hurt and incapacitated by our conservative views.

Related Papers

Marra Jade Gines

The gender situation in the Philippines is characterized by sharp contradictions.It graphically showcases samples of women's advancement in politics, academic and professional excellence, and even legislation. But this is contrasted by images of prostituted women, battered wives, economically disadvantaged women and exploited migrant workers. The socio-cultural traditions are clashing with the MTV and cyberspace generation. The long history of colonialism has embedded a patriarchal culture among Filipinos. The conception of women as full-time homemakers, as subordinated to men, violence against them is private, as reserve labor force, and as sexual objects is now being eroded by modern women asserting themselves in many aspects of life. But on the other hand, some are either marginalized, discriminated, or even exploited by the harsh realities of global economy and consumerism. Both the changes and the inertia of traditions are the backdrop of a very active and dynamic women's movement. The Philippines is a main player in the international women's arena and this is anchored on a very vibrant local women's movement. Numerous organizations and NGOs exist for the cause of gender equality and other related women issues. This puts the gender equality issues at the forefront of national discourse and precludes further downslide of women status in the modern Philippine society. Indeed, there are many handles for the changes to happen. These legal and policy gains resulted from the strong voice of women that started even during the anti-dictatorship struggle that culminated with the ascension of Corazon Aquino as the first woman president of the country. The 1987 Constitution states two prominent provisions. The first in the Declaration of Principles Article II Section 14 which asserted that "The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men." Additionally, the Article XIII-Labor: Section 14 provided that "The state shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation". Following from constitutional provisions and the subsequent efforts to broaden the its principles, numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender concerns, The list include: Gender and Development Law (5% of government agencies' budget is for gender concerns) Party-List Law (women as a particular sector for representation in the legislature through party-list elections) Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (defining SH and providing mechanisms) Anti-Rape Law (elevation of rape as crime against person)

Gender Bias in the Philippine Labor Market: Case of Filipinas in informal sector and precarious work

Chariss Garcia

The Philippine labor market has put women at disadvantageous position, forcing them into vulnerable employment (such as prostitution) and unpaid work (such as domestic and care work). While the gender politics in the Philippines is changing, women are still struggling to escape traditional image of a Filipina that is weak, docile, and prone to sexual abuse. The feminist movement was instrumental in the enactment of laws that seek to protect women and broaden their role in the society, but the campaign still faces issues in terms of implementation and regulation. Challenges identified include 1) unpaid domestic work and care burden, 2) limited access to resources (including credit and financial services), 3) inadequate education and lack of training program for skills development, and 4) pervading societal discrimination.

Vec Alporha , Meggan Evangelista

-The Filipino women's experiences and the roles they played in different historical conjunctures reflected the character of the times and determined the nature of their struggle. -The women's movement in the Philippines has achieved numerous gains in terms of economic, political, and social equality. Nevertheless, a lot of things remain to be done like inequality in political representation and economic opportunities, and aggression and violence brought by the specter of patriarchy that persists up to the present. -While the women's movement in the Philippines demonstrated perpetual growth and momentum, women in the minority like the lesbians, bisexual and the transwomen still grapple for the place of their struggle in the movement. -Feminism and the women's movement in the Philippines face new challenges at the dawn of a new government and the present conditions of the time. The challenge is to persevere and adapt to these changes in order to sustain the women's struggle for freedom, equality, and social justice.

Rodrigo Abenes

Women oppression is a universal reality. She is the victim, the exploited, the dominated and the other. As a post-colonial thinker, I argue that Filipino women have been victims of the movement of social dialectics. As Philippine Society evolved and developed, she had been a victim not only of male domination but also of political economy. This research shows how female subordination and male domination emerged in the Philippines. As such, it contends that there is a blurring identity of Filipino women – that is, Filipino women as situated in the neo-colonial period-are victims of political economy and male domination.

Jaime Martinez Antonio

University of the Philippines Center for Integrative & Development Studies (UP CIDS)

Eduardo C . Tadem

Filipino women who comprise 49.5 percent of the population in the Philippines may seem better off than most women in Asia in terms of benefiting from gender-fair policies. Yet, the continuing discrimination and various forms of violence they experience, especially by those from marginalized groups, are causes for alarm. Some women experience multiple discrimination due to their contexts such as sexual orientation, gender identity, age, ethnicity, health status, disability, culture, or religion. These women would face the risk of experiencing greater inequalities in terms of access to rights—social, economic, and political—and justice.

neil pacamalan

The Philippine Education Forum

Christine Carmela R . Ramos

This paper aims to briefly discuss the historical background of Filipino women from the pre-colonial period to the American Colonization. A socio-economic approach will be utilized for discussing women’s conditions at present and their implications on family life vis-à-vis the government’s policies regarding women.

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science

Dr. Andrey Shastri

Chesca Mercado

The research explores the theme of solidarity and mutual empowerment encapsulated in the phrase "Girls Supporting Girls," shedding light on the positive and collaborative dimensions of feminism within this unique cultural context. Concurrently, the investigation navigates the metaphorical "Thorns of Philippine Culture," acknowledging potential challenges and complexities that shape the feminist journey in the Philippines. Through a multifaceted analysis, this study aims to uncover the nuanced relationship between feminism and the rich cultural tapestry of the Philippines, offering insights into the empowering collaborations among women and the obstacles they confront in their pursuit of gender equality.

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Delia Aguilar

Mainstreaming gender, democratizing the state?

Jurgette Honculada

Journal of Educational and Human Resource Development

Jabin Deguma , Vicente Igot

Lucita Lazo

European Journal of Business and Management

Tarana karim

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

Vina Lanzona

Alexander Decker

Aaron Bryan Lopez , Emi Naito

Joey Gutierrez

Amaryllis Torres

Erika Quedding

Ayesha Majid

Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria11

Maria Onuh , Prof Udo C Osisiogu

Alyssa Ramos

Samidha Pokharel

Prof. Robert A . Montaña, Ph.D.

Niklas Reese

Lorlaine Dacanay

Patricia Ruth Jasmin

BMC Women's Health

Sajid Soofi

Mikaela Anne Laxa

Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal

Psychology and Education , Jasmin C. Domato , Fritz Gerard C . Mondragon, LPT