baby thesis title examples

137 Examples of Research Paper Topics

Topic Ideas

Writing a research paper is one of the most challenging aspects of a student’s life. Throughout the final stages of college or university, you should undertake this type of work, ranging from the simplest (monographs, projects) to the most complex (university degrees, masters, doctorates).

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This process will consume a lot of your time, so it is important to select an appropriate topic. There are many variables that you should consider before you start: your level of interest in the subject, experience in the field of study, available information, the audience it is addressed to, among other aspects.

Finding a suitable subject could be difficult, especially if you do not know where to start. For this reason, and with the aim of simplifying your life, below we have compiled some examples of scientific and social research topics to guide you and give you an idea of how to quickly start your project. Each of these topics could be used “as is” to develop your research project, or they can also serve as a starting point to develop your own ideas on the subject.

Health and Medicine Research Paper Topics

Barriers in the Ecuadorian National Health System for the formal introduction of the family doctor
Cost of treatment and monitoring of people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for the Ecuadorian social security institute “IESS” at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (HCAM)
Physical activity and sports as determinants of health
Epidemiological profile of the external consultation service of general surgery of the Isidro Ayora de Loja Hospital during 2013
Smoking and its association with in-hospital mortality in patients with hemorrhagic stroke
Free amino acids of breast milk, its potential function in infants and milk banks in Ecuador
Analysis of the differences in mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in relation to the time elapsed before receiving medical attention between men and women in Ecuador
Feasibility study and technical, infrastructure and human sustainability for the implementation of the Telemedicine and Tele-health care model of the inhabitants of the city of Quito
Rheumatoid arthritis seronegative in patient with septic pulmonary complication.
Communicative processes in Andean ancestral medicine, Otavalo canton, Kotama community
Cutaneous ulcers in venous insufficiency in patients with chronic renal failure
Thyroid cancer and risk factors in patients seen at the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (HCAM) in 2017
Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for cervical cancer in Ecuador
To determine the quality of life of patients who have been transplanted at the Eugenio Espejo Hospital in Quito, Ecuador
Most frequent complications in diabetic patients older than 65 years with ischemic cerebrovascular event. Study conducted at the Specialty Hospital Guayaquil, Dr. Abel Gilbert Pontoon from January to December 2015
Nutritional status of surgical oncological patients and their relationship with postoperative complications at the SOLCA Cancer Institute
Complications of acute diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age study to be performed in the Pediatric Hospitalization Area of the Basic Hospital Nicolás Coto Infante of the canton of Vinces in the period from January to December 2015
Current status of palliative care in health institutions in the city of Quito during the period August 2017 to December 2017.
Acute complications of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in adults aged 40 to 60 years, a study to be carried out at the Martín Icaza General Hospital, January to December 2016
Placental and fetal disorders associated with hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy at the “Enrique C. Sotomayor” Obstetric and Gynecological Hospital from January to December 2014

Education Research Paper Topics

Influence of visual motor coordination techniques in the cacography level, in the second year students of general basic education of the Quito Sur Educational Unit, zone 9, district 6, Pichincha, Quito, 2014-2015.
The participation of the mother and its incidence in the development of early stimulation in babies from zero to twelve months
Strategies of educational intervention that teachers use with children of high cognitive abilities and exceptional talents
Didactic methodologies in the logical reasoning of the elementary sub-level.
Child nutrition and its impact on the academic performance of the third-grade students of general basic education of the Corina Parral School of Velasco Ibarra, zone 5, district 02D03, Bolívar Province, San Miguel canton, central parish, period 2015-2016.
Interpersonal relationships in school coexistence.
Consequences of bullying in the development of self-esteem of the sixth-grade students of the Santa María de Guayas Educational Unit, zone 5, district 09D15, Guayas Province, El Empalme county, La Guayas parish, Santa María campus, Manga del Cura , 2016-2017 school period.
Reading of images in the quality of creative thinking in the second-grade students of the elementary level of the basic education level of the Juan León Mera Educational Unit.
Outdoor classrooms: a teaching and learning space in an initial education center in the north of the city of Quito that serves children from 3 to 4 years old
Reading techniques in reading comprehension in students of the elementary sub-level.
Teaching resources in meaningful learning of the medium sub-level.
Empathy and firmness: the relationship of the teacher and the student, with special educational needs linked to an intellectual disability.
Playful activities in the quality of logical mathematical thinking in the elementary basic sub-level third grade.
Basic intellectual operations in the development of critical thinking in the elementary sub-level.
Influence of family life on the quality of the affective social bond of children aged 3 – 4 years.
Motor skills for the development of corporal expression in children from 4 to 5 years of age.
Learning of the writing of children from five to six years with grafospasm.
Positive emotions to prevent the harmful effects of social and economic deprivation of children from 3 to 4 years.
Importance of education in emotional intelligence in children of three to four years in two educational units of Quito
The expression of the emotions of children aged 5 to 6 years with behavioral problems through drawing and the plastic arts.
Extracurricular activities and the club of natural sciences in the seventh and eighth years of basic education of the educational center Jerusalem of the Canton of Ambato province of Tungurahua
Extrinsic motivation and school performance in the fifth and sixth grades of the Juan Enrique Pestalozzi Basic Education school in the canton of Ambato
Situation of university mothers and the organization of their studies in the Faculty of Human Sciences and Education
Perspectives and outlines of education in South Korea
Homeschooling: education at home in Ecuador
Facebook in the academic performance of the students of the ninth grade of Basic Education of the Educational Unit José Julián Andrade of the city of San Gabriel, canton Montufar, province of Carchi
The learning experiences and the development of scientific thinking at the initial level of the Educational Unit “Josefa Calixto
The development of emotional intelligence through children’s literature in children 3 and 4 years old CDI “X” north of the city of Quito

Nursing Research Paper Topics

Nursing care in septic arthritis plus duodenal trauma plus ascariasis
Evaluation of the role of the nurse in the humanized delivery care protocol at the Guamaní Health Center during the last semester of 2017
Nursing care for the improvement of the physical and social well-being of the elderly in the comprehensive center of the elderly in the municipality of Quito
Compliance with nursing standards in patients with severe preclaimsia in areas of high obstetric risk at the Luz Elena Arismendi Obstetric Obstetrician Hospital in the first semester of 2017
Quality of nursing care in patients with diabetic foot treated in the area of Internal Medicine of the Guasmo Sur General Hospital
Exercise of maternity-paternity and its influence on the academic work of the students of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato
Use of medicinal plants as tranquilizer in Salasaca parish
Nursing care in a pediatric patient with mechanical intestinal obstruction and its influence on the quality of life
Factors that cause phlebitis in patients with peripheral routes in the hospitalization service of the hospital a song to the life of the city of Quito during the second semester of the year 2016
Importance of caregiver knowledge about cognitive stimuli in children with special cognitive needs from 5 to 10 years in the Manuel Espejo Educational Unit from November 2017 to January 2018
Influential psychosocial factors for the abandonment of treatment in multi drug resistant patients, hospitalized during the second quarter of 2017
Nursing care through compliance with quality standards in basic procedures of the Padre Carollo hospital from September to December 2016
Functional dependence of the patient with brain stem glioma and its relationship with opportunities for improvement
Nursing care in adolescent mothers during breastfeeding with “H” drug withdrawal in the General Sur Hospital
Validation of nursing care in the care of pregnant women consuming psychotropic substances in the health center # 5 year 2018.
Nursing intervention in protein caloric alteration due to child maltreatment and its influence with psychomotor development
Preference of the conventional treatment in front of the treatment with medicinal plants in older adults of the Barrio Bellavista- Canton Latacunga
Nursing role in the care of pregnant women with preeclampsia aged 20-30 years in the gynecology area of Guasmo Sur Hospital
Factors that determine nursing care in extreme premature neonates from 25 to 28 weeks admitted to the ucin area of the Hospital Roberto Gilbert Ponton, 2017
Knowledge of the family caregiver on the care and physiotherapy of the patient with Parkinson’s

Engineering Research Paper Topics

Design and proposal of the profile production process in rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for furniture with chipboard, in the company Plastimax
Identification and evaluation of risks to occupational safety and health in a petroleum company and procedures for action in emergencies
Improvement of productivity through process management in the entire tilapia production line at Gran Manantial
Design of the production line for the manufacture of a new product: dehydrated fruit snacks as an entrepreneurship project PYMS Fityu
Detection of bovine mitochondrial DNA in feeds as part of the surveillance program for bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Ecuador
Design of the grandstand and visor of the stadium of the King of the East community in the Santa Clara canton of the province of Pastaza
Optimization of the control of the Regional Litoral Telecommunications services.
Improvement of the production process and reduction of nonconforming product in Plásticos Ecuatorianos SA based on the ISO 9001 – 2000 standard.
Feasibility study to install a mechanical metal plant dedicated to the manufacture of gondolas
Operational management to increase the production of metal constructions and services t & m

Chemistry Research Paper Topics

Study of the deposition of hydroxyapatite on metallic substrates for biomedical applications in the presence of magnetic fields and by electrochemical methods
Obtaining nanocellulose from cellulose from abaca tips.
Design of an effluent treatment plant from the production of urea-formaldehyde resin through the application of a modified Fenton process
Design of an effluent treatment plant from a dairy industry through electrocoagulation and filtration processes
Design of a rice husk processing plant for the production of amorphous silicon oxide and electric power
Study of the use of solvent recovery residues from the flexographic industry as an alternative fuel in a fixed source
Study of the effect of nanoadditives on the combustion efficiency of diesel and the net efficiency of a fixed combustion source
Evaluation of the production process of copper oxychloride from recycled copper at laboratory and pilot scales

Economics Research Paper Topics

Determinants of sector delinquency in Ecuador
Formal education and poverty in Ecuador
Social and economic determinants of alcohol consumption in Ecuador
Investment and business expectations in Ecuador
Sensitivity of Ecuadorian deposits against changes in short-term expectations: 2008-2015
Estimation of the opportunity cost of unpaid work (NRW) for women between 18 and 60 years of urban area in Ecuador (year 2010)
Foreign direct investment and tax burden in Ecuador, 2004-2015 period
Effects of lace and pseudo-lace policies on the monetary multiplier in the period 2007-2015

Law Research Paper Topics

The abuse of the situation of economic dependence as an assumption of unfair competition and not as an anti-competitive act of abuse of relevant power
The pathological clauses in the arbitration agreements and their legal effects
Local and international standards of children of persons deprived of liberty: analysis of the situation of the Center for the Deprivation of Liberty for priority groups in the city of Quito
Feasibility of maintaining self-regulation within the Stock Exchanges of Ecuador
The conditional suspension of the sentence and its reinsersor effect
The extraordinary protection action as a resource to be exhausted to access the organs of the IAHRS
The ineffectiveness of the action of repetition against public servants in the Ecuadorian legislation
Rooting measures in coercive procedures and their violation of the right of free movement
The unconstitutionality of the national leveling and admission system for access to higher education
The possible abuses of the creditor in the unilateral creation of a document that contains a monetary obligation, whose procedure is governed by monitoring
Current reform to paternity and maternity leave. Its possible reach in the families of Canton Shushufindi of the province of Sucumbíos
The admission and protection of the human rights of immigrants in Ecuador
The unconstitutionality of the reforms to the Organic Law of Citizen Participation on the revocation of the mandate
Affirmative actions as an effective mechanism for the participation of women in the judiciary: criminal courts of Pichincha

Administration Research Paper Topics

Analysis of the stakeholders as an input to the design of an advertising plan
University entrepreneurship model for SMEs: construct validation based on multivariate statistical methods
Creation of a company manufacturing solar thermal heaters with recycling materials for water heating
The quality of services from the perspective of the Servqual Model, in the Pelileo Indigenous Cooperatives
Business plan for the creation of a non-traditional equipment rental company for children’s events in the city of Quito
Business plan for the creation of a company dedicated to the manufacture and marketing of smart home furniture based on ecological wood and electromagnetic sensors that help reduce stress in the city of Quito
Business plan for the creation of an insurance advisory agency focused on small and medium-sized companies with headquarters in the city of Quito
Descriptive analysis of the exportable potential of bamboo bamboo cane for the creation of a cluster in zone 5 of Ecuador
The sectorial mark in the exports of flowers and its incidence in the Ecuadorian foreign trade
Analysis of the implementation of the green channel or automatic gauging on imports for consumption in the district of Guayaquil

Technology Research Paper Topics

Implementation of a chat bot with bot framework: case study, services to clients in the Equilibrium insurance bond area.
Mining of text of the web, of public opinion and facts referring to the La Floresta neighborhood
Development of a web system for the management and administration of the operational processes of the pathology laboratory of the Specialties Hospital Eugenio Espejo
Web application development for contracting and monitoring of inter provincial heavy cargo transport services in Ecuador
Development of a Business Intelligence system with free software for the analysis of a social network and its beneficiaries
Comparative analysis of the computational performance of a data-intensive distributed application in networks of devices and networks defined by software
Methodological proposal for migration of web systems with monolithic architecture towards an architecture based on micro services
Development of software design patterns for the implementation of accessible web applications for users with legal blindness, dichromatic color blindness and blurred vision
Analysis of Bluetooth technology for the development of wireless applications in Ecuador
Data warehousing: application of the Microsoft methodology for the implementation of a data warehouse in a financial and non-financial transactional services company
Basic principles and tools for network administration
Implementation of a Data Mart for the analysis of information of the sales area of the company Riego Ecuador
Air quality prediction model based on meteorological data and traffic information
Implementation of a geolocation platform for pets in the Metropolitan District of Quito
Development of a web and mobile application for customer management by Yanbal consultants that will allow better management of your business.

116 Thesis Topics in Administration

95 Architecture Thesis Topics

133 Thesis Topics for Social Work

The Savvy Scientist

Experiences of a London PhD student and beyond

Thesis Title: Examples and Suggestions from a PhD Grad

Graphic of a researcher writing, perhaps a thesis title

When you’re faced with writing up a thesis, choosing a title can often fall to the bottom of the priority list. After all, it’s only a few words. How hard can it be?!

In the grand scheme of things I agree that picking your thesis title shouldn’t warrant that much thought, however my own choice is one of the few regrets I have from my PhD . I therefore think there is value in spending some time considering the options available.

In this post I’ll guide you through how to write your own thesis title and share real-world examples. Although my focus is on the PhD thesis, I’ve also included plenty of thesis title examples for bachelor’s and master’s research projects too.

Hopefully by the end of the post you’ll feel ready to start crafting your own!

Why your thesis title is at least somewhat important

It sounds obvious but your thesis title is the first, and often only, interaction people will have with your thesis. For instance, hiring managers for jobs that you may wish to apply for in the future. Therefore you want to give a good sense of what your research involved from the title.

Many people will list the title of their thesis on their CV, at least for a while after graduating. All of the example titles I’ve shared below came from my repository of academic CVs . I’d say roughly 30% of all the academics on that page list their thesis title, which includes academics all the way up to full professor.

Your thesis title could therefore feature on your CV for your whole career, so it is probably worth a bit of thought!

My suggestions for choosing a good thesis title

Make it descriptive of the research so it’s immediately obvious what it is about! Most universities will publish student theses online ( here’s mine! ) and they’re indexed so can be found via Google Scholar etc. Therefore give your thesis a descriptive title so that interested researchers can find it in the future.
Don’t get lost in the detail . You want a descriptive title but avoid overly lengthy descriptions of experiments. Unless a certain analytical technique etc was central to your research, I’d suggest by default* to avoid having it in your title. Including certain techniques will make your title, and therefore research, look overly dated, which isn’t ideal for potential job applications after you graduate.
The title should tie together the chapters of your thesis. A well-phrased title can do a good job of summarising the overall story of your thesis. Think about each of your research chapters and ensure that the title makes sense for each of them.
Be strategic . Certain parts of your work you want to emphasise? Consider making them more prominent in your title. For instance, if you know you want to pivot to a slightly different research area or career path after your PhD, there may be alternative phrasings which describe your work just as well but could be better understood by those in the field you’re moving into. I utilised this a bit in my own title which we’ll come onto shortly.
Do your own thing. Having just laid out some suggestions, do make sure you’re personally happy with the title. You get a lot of freedom to choose your title, so use it however you fancy. For example, I’ve known people to use puns in their title, so if that’s what you’re into don’t feel overly constrained.

*This doesn’t always hold true and certainly don’t take my advice if 1) listing something in your title could be a strategic move 2) you love the technique so much that you’re desperate to include it!

Thesis title examples

To help give you some ideas, here are some example thesis titles from Bachelors, Masters and PhD graduates. These all came from the academic CVs listed in my repository here .

Bachelor’s thesis title examples

Hysteresis and Avalanches Paul Jager , 2014 – Medical Imaging – DKFZ Head of ML Research Group – direct link to Paul’s machine learning academic CV

The bioenergetics of a marine ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum Holly Moeller , 2008 – Ecology & Marine Biology – UC Santa Barbara Assistant Professor – direct link to Holly’s marine biology academic CV

Functional syntactic analysis of prepositional and causal constructions for a grammatical parser of Russian Ekaterina Kochmar , 2008 – Computer Science – University of Bath Lecturer Assistant Prof – direct link to Ekaterina’s computer science academic CV

Master’s thesis title examples

Creation of an autonomous impulse response measurement system for rooms and transducers with different methods Guy-Bart Stan , 2000 – Bioengineering – Imperial Professor – direct link to Guy-Bart’s bioengineering academic CV

Segmentation of Nerve Bundles and Ganglia in Spine MRI using Particle Filters Adrian Vasile Dalca , 2012 – Machine Learning for healthcare – Harvard Assistant Professor & MIT Research Scientist – direct link to Adrian’s machine learning academic CV

The detection of oil under ice by remote mode conversion of ultrasound Eric Yeatman , 1986 – Electronics – Imperial Professor and Head of Department – direct link to Eric’s electronics academic CV

Ensemble-Based Learning for Morphological Analysis of German Ekaterina Kochmar , 2010 – Computer Science – University of Bath Lecturer Assistant Prof – direct link to Ekaterina’s computer science academic CV

VARiD: A Variation Detection Framework for Color-Space and Letter-Space Platforms Adrian Vasile Dalca , 2010 – Machine Learning for healthcare – Harvard Assistant Professor & MIT Research Scientist – direct link to Adrian’s machine learning academic CV

Identification of a Writer’s Native Language by Error Analysis Ekaterina Kochmar , 2011 – Computer Science – University of Bath Lecturer Assistant Prof – direct link to Ekaterina’s computer science academic CV

On the economic optimality of marine reserves when fishing damages habitat Holly Moeller , 2010 – Ecology & Marine Biology – UC Santa Barbara Assistant Professor – direct link to Holly’s marine biology academic CV

Sensitivity Studies for the Time-Dependent CP Violation Measurement in B 0 → K S K S K S at the Belle II-Experiment Paul Jager , 2016 – Medical Imaging – DKFZ Head of ML Research Group – direct link to Paul’s machine learning academic CV

PhD thesis title examples

Spatio-temporal analysis of three-dimensional real-time ultrasound for quantification of ventricular function Esla Angelini – Medicine – Imperial Senior Data Scientist – direct link to Elsa’s medicine academic CV

The role and maintenance of diversity in a multi-partner mutualism: Trees and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Holly Moeller , 2015 – Ecology & Marine Biology – UC Santa Barbara Assistant Professor – direct link to Holly’s marine biology academic CV

Bayesian Gaussian processes for sequential prediction, optimisation and quadrature Michael Osborne , 2010 – Machine Learning – Oxford Full Professor – direct link to Michael’s machine learning academic CV

Global analysis and synthesis of oscillations: a dissipativity approach Guy-Bart Stan , 2005 – Bioengineering – Imperial Professor – direct link to Guy-Bart’s bioengineering academic CV

Coarse-grained modelling of DNA and DNA self-assembly Thomas Ouldridge , 2011– Bioengineering – Imperial College London Senior Lecturer / Associate Prof – direct link to Thomas’ bioengineering academic CV

4D tomographic image reconstruction and parametric maps estimation: a model-based strategy for algorithm design using Bayesian inference in Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGM) Michele Scipioni , 2018– Biomedical Engineer – Harvard Postdoctoral Research Fellow – direct link to Michele’s biomedical engineer academic CV

Error Detection in Content Word Combinations Ekaterina Kochmar , 2016 – Computer Science – University of Bath Lecturer Assistant Prof – direct link to Ekaterina’s computer science academic CV

Genetic, Clinical and Population Priors for Brain Images Adrian Vasile Dalca , 2016 – Machine Learning for healthcare – Harvard Assistant Professor & MIT Research Scientist – direct link to Adrian’s machine learning academic CV

Challenges and Opportunities of End-to-End Learning in Medical Image Classification Paul Jager , 2020 – Medical Imaging – DKFZ Head of ML Research Group – direct link to Paul’s machine learning academic CV

K 2 NiF 4 materials as cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells Ainara Aguadero , 2006 – Materials Science – Imperial Reader – direct link to Ainara’s materials science academic CV

Applications of surface plasmons – microscopy and spatial light modulation Eric Yeatman , 1989 – Electronics – Imperial Professor and Head of Department – direct link to Eric’s electronics academic CV

Geometric Algorithms for Objects in Motion Sorelle Friedler , 2010 – Computer science – Haverford College Associate Professor – direct link to Sorelle’s computer science academic CV .

Geometrical models, constraints design, information extraction for pathological and healthy medical image Esla Angelini – Medicine – Imperial Senior Data Scientist – direct link to Elsa’s medicine academic CV

Why I regret my own choice of PhD thesis title

I should say from the outset that I assembled my thesis in quite a short space of time compared to most people. So I didn’t really spend particularly long on any one section, including the title.

However, my main supervisor even spelled out for me that once the title was submitted to the university it would be permanent. In other words: think wisely about your title.

What I started with

Initially I drafted the title as something like: Three dimensional correlative imaging for cartilage regeneration . Which I thought was nice, catchy and descriptive.

I decided to go for “correlative imaging” because, not only did it describe the experiments well, but it also sounded kind of technical and fitting of a potential pivot into AI. I’m pleased with that bit of the title.

What I ended up with

Before submitting the title to the university (required ahead of the viva), I asked my supervisors for their thoughts.

One of my well intentioned supervisors suggested that, given that my project didn’t involve verifying regenerative quality, I probably shouldn’t state cartilage regeneration . Instead, they suggested, I should state what I was experimenting on (the materials) rather than the overall goal of the research (aid cartilage regeneration efforts).

With this advice I dialled back my choice of wording and the thesis title I went with was:

Three dimensional correlative imaging for measurement of strain in cartilage and cartilage replacement materials

Reading it back now I’m reminder about how less I like it than my initial idea!

I put up basically no resistance to the supervisor’s choice, even though the title sounds so much more boring in my opinion. I just didn’t think much of it at the time. Furthermore, most of my PhD was actually in a technique which is four dimensional (looking at a series of 3D scans over time, hence 4D) which would have sounded way more sciency and fitting of a PhD.

What I wish I’d gone with

If I had the choice again, I’d have gone with:

Four-dimensional correlative imaging for cartilage regeneration

Which, would you believe it, is exactly what it states on my CV…

Does the thesis title really matter?

In all honesty, your choice of thesis title isn’t that important. If you come to regret it, as I do, it’s not the end of the world. There are much more important things in life to worry about.

If you decide at a later stage that you don’t like it you can always describe it in a way that you prefer. For instance, in my CV I describe my PhD as I’d have liked the title to be. I make no claim that it’s actually the title so consider it a bit of creative license.

Given that as your career progresses you may not even refer back to your thesis much, it’s really not worth stressing over. However, if you’re yet to finalise your thesis title I do still think it is worth a bit of thought and hopefully this article has provided some insights into how to choose a good thesis title.

My advice for developing a thesis title

Draft the title early. Drafting it early can help give clarity for the overall message of your research. For instance, while you’re assembling the rest of your thesis you can check that the title encompasses the research chapters you’re included, and likewise that the research experiments you’re including fall within what the title describes. Drafting it early also gives more time you to think it over. As with everything: having a first draft is really important to iterate on.
Look at some example titles . Such as those featured above!
If you’re not sure about your title, ask a few other people what they think . But remember that you have the final say!

I hope this post has been useful for those of you are finalising your thesis and need to decide on a thesis title. If you’ve enjoyed this article and would like to hear about future content (and gain access to my free resource library!) you can subscribe for free here:

Minor Corrections: How To Make Them and Succeed With Your PhD Thesis

2nd June 2024 2nd June 2024