international trade research topics

International Economics Research Paper Topics

This page explores a diverse array of international economics research paper topics , providing students with a comprehensive list of ideas for their research projects. From trade policies to exchange rates, economic development to international financial systems, this page covers a wide range of key topics in international economics. Additionally, expert advice is offered to guide students in selecting the most suitable research topic, and essential tips are provided to assist in the process of writing an international economics research paper. To further support students, iResearchNet offers custom writing services, allowing them to order a tailored economics research paper with the assurance of top quality, expert writers, and timely delivery. Embrace the opportunity to enhance your understanding of global economic dynamics through engaging and well-crafted international economics research papers.

100 International Economics Research Paper Topics

To assist students in their quest to find compelling research paper topics in the field of international economics, we have curated a comprehensive list of diverse and engaging topics. These topics cover various aspects of international economics, providing students with a wide range of options to explore and delve into. The following categories present a collection of research topics that are both relevant and thought-provoking:

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International Trade and Policies Research Paper Topics

• The Impact of Tariffs and Trade Barriers on International Trade
• Regional Trade Agreements and their Economic Effects
• Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis
• The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Global Trade Policies
• Trade Imbalances: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions
• Global Value Chains: Trends and Implications for International Trade
• Bilateral vs. Multilateral Trade Agreements: Comparative Analysis
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade
• Trade in Services: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Economies
• Trade Disputes and Resolving International Trade Conflicts

Exchange Rates and Currency Markets Research Paper Topics

• Determinants of Exchange Rates: A Comparative Analysis
• Exchange Rate Regimes: Pros and Cons
• Exchange Rate Volatility and its Impact on International Trade
• Currency Manipulation: Implications for Global Financial Stability
• Optimal Currency Areas: Theory and Practice
• The Role of Central Banks in Managing Exchange Rates
• Exchange Rate Pass-Through: Effects on Domestic Prices and Inflation
• Currency Crises and Financial Contagion
• Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency: An Empirical Study
• Exchange Rate Forecasting Models: Evaluation and Comparison

Global Financial Systems Research Paper Topics

• Financial Globalization: Opportunities and Risks
• Cross-Border Capital Flows: Implications for Emerging Economies
• International Banking and Financial Intermediation
• Financial Regulations and their Impact on Global Markets
• Sovereign Debt Crisis: Causes, Contagion, and Resolution
• Financial Innovations and their Effects on Global Financial Systems
• Financial Stability and Systemic Risk in a Globalized Economy
• International Capital Markets: Trends and Challenges
• Foreign Direct Investment and its Economic Implications
• Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Emerging Markets

Economic Development and Globalization Research Paper Topics

• Foreign Aid and its Role in Economic Development
• Sustainable Development Goals and Global Economic Progress
• The Role of Multinational Corporations in Economic Development
• Human Capital Development and Economic Growth
• Globalization and Income Inequality: Patterns and Policy Implications
• Technology Transfer and Economic Development
• The Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic Development
• Infrastructure Investment and Economic Development
• Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment in Developing Countries
• Migration and its Impact on Economic Development

International Financial Crises Research Paper Topics

• Causes and Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis
• Financial Contagion: Spillover Effects of Financial Crises
• International Financial Institutions and Crisis Management
• The Role of Government Policies in Preventing and Managing Financial Crises
• Currency Crises: Lessons from Historical Events
• Banking Sector Stability and Crisis Resilience
• Financial Risk Management in a Globalized Economy
• Systemic Risk and Macroprudential Policies
• Early Warning Systems for Financial Crises
• Crisis Recovery and Post-Crisis Reforms: Comparative Analysis

Global Economic Governance Research Paper Topics

• The Role of G7, G20, and International Monetary Fund in Global Economic Governance
• International Economic Law and its Implications for Global Trade
• Global Economic Governance and Sustainable Development
• Regional Economic Integration and its Impact on Global Governance
• International Taxation: Challenges and Policy Implications
• Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Global Trade
• Climate Change and Global Economic Governance
• Labor Standards and Social Responsibility in International Trade
• Digital Economy and its Implications for Global Governance
• Cross-Border Data Flows: Privacy and Security Concerns

Economic Policies and Macroeconomic Management Research Paper Topics

• Fiscal Policy and its Impact on Economic Growth
• Monetary Policy Strategies in a Globalized Economy
• Exchange Rate Policy and Macroeconomic Stability
• Inflation Targeting: Theory and Practice
• Public Debt Management in the Face of Global Economic Challenges
• Financial Regulation and Macroeconomic Stability
• Unemployment Policies: Comparative Analysis and Best Practices
• Economic Integration and Policy Coordination among Nations
• Structural Reforms for Sustainable Economic Development
• Income Distribution Policies in a Global Economy

Trade and Environment Research Paper Topics

• Environmental Policies and International Trade: Conflict or Compatibility?
• Carbon Pricing and its Economic Implications for Global Trade
• Sustainable Development and International Trade
• Trade and Deforestation: Challenges and Solutions
• Green Technologies and their Role in Global Trade
• Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights and Environmental Conservation
• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and International Trade
• Eco-labeling and Consumer Preferences in Global Markets
• Circular Economy and its Effects on International Trade
• Trade and Water Scarcity: Nexus and Policy Responses

International Labor Markets and Migration Research Paper Topics

• Labor Mobility and Economic Integration: Implications for Global Labor Markets
• International Trade and Labor Market Outcomes
• Migration Policies and their Economic Impact
• Remittances and Economic Development in Sending Countries
• Brain Drain and Brain Gain: The Economic Effects of High-Skilled Migration
• Labor Market Flexibility and Global Competitiveness
• Gender Wage Gap in International Labor Markets
• Skilled vs. Unskilled Immigration: Economic Consequences
• Labor Market Regulations and Employment Dynamics in Global Economies
• Migration and Social Integration: Challenges and Policy Approaches

Global Economic Challenges and Future Trends Research Paper Topics

• Technological Innovations and their Effects on Global Economies
• Global Economic Inequality: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Solutions
• Aging Populations and the Economic Implications for Nations
• Digital Disruption and the Transformation of Industries
• Blockchain Technology and its Potential Applications in Global Business
• Trade Wars and their Impact on International Trade
• Economic Resilience and Crisis Preparedness in a Globalized World
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Labor Markets and Productivity
• Economic Implications of Pandemics and Health Crises
• Economic Forecasting and Predictive Analytics in a Global Context

This list provides an extensive array of research topics in international economics. Students are encouraged to explore these categories and select a topic that aligns with their interests, research capabilities, and the availability of relevant data and resources.

International Economics Research Paper Writing Guide

Economics is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of topics, and one of the key areas within economics is international economics. As countries become increasingly interconnected, the study of international economics becomes vital in understanding the complexities of global markets, trade relations, and economic policies. For students pursuing a degree in economics, writing a research paper on international economics offers an opportunity to delve deeper into these intricacies and contribute to the field’s knowledge base.

This page serves as a valuable resource for students who are tasked with writing an international economics research paper. It provides a wealth of information, including a comprehensive list of international economics research paper topics, expert advice on selecting a suitable topic, and guidance on the research and writing process. Furthermore, students can take advantage of the custom writing services offered by iResearchNet to order a tailored economics research paper that meets their unique requirements.

Whether you are interested in exploring international trade, exchange rates, economic policies, or global financial systems, this page will assist you in finding an engaging and relevant research topic. Through careful examination and analysis of these topics, students can contribute to the understanding of international economics and its implications on global economic development.

Prepare to embark on a rewarding journey of research and exploration as we delve into the realm of international economics research paper topics. Discover the intriguing dynamics of the global economy and equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to make a significant contribution in this ever-evolving field.

Choosing International Economics Research Paper Topics

Choosing a compelling and relevant research paper topic in the field of international economics is a crucial step towards producing a high-quality and impactful paper. With the multitude of available topics, it can be challenging to narrow down your focus and select a topic that is both engaging and manageable. To help you navigate this process, we offer the following expert advice on choosing international economics research paper topics:

• Identify your Interests : Start by reflecting on your personal interests within the field of international economics. Consider topics that resonate with you and align with your career goals. Engaging with a topic you are passionate about will not only make the research process more enjoyable but also enhance the quality of your work.
• Stay Updated with Current Events : Keep abreast of current global economic issues and trends. Read reputable news sources, academic journals, and policy reports to identify emerging topics or areas of debate in international economics. Analyzing and addressing these contemporary issues will add relevance and significance to your research.
• Explore Controversial Topics : Consider researching topics that have varying viewpoints or controversial aspects. These topics often spark interesting discussions and allow you to critically analyze different perspectives. However, ensure that you approach controversial topics with objectivity and rigor, presenting a balanced view in your research.
• Consult with Professors or Experts : Seek guidance from your professors or experts in the field of international economics. They can provide valuable insights, suggest research areas, or share their expertise on specific topics. Their input can help you refine your research question and provide direction for your study.
• Review Existing Literature : Conduct a thorough review of existing literature in international economics. Identify gaps or areas where further research is needed. Building upon existing knowledge or exploring new dimensions of a topic can contribute to the advancement of the field and make your research more impactful.
• Consider Data Availability : Assess the availability of relevant data for your chosen topic. Data plays a crucial role in empirical research, and access to reliable and comprehensive data sets will strengthen the empirical analysis in your paper. Ensure that you have access to suitable data sources before finalizing your research topic.
• Balance Breadth and Depth : Strive to strike a balance between the breadth and depth of your research topic. While a broad topic can provide a comprehensive overview, a narrow focus allows for a more in-depth analysis. Consider the scope of your research project, the available resources, and the time constraints when selecting the level of breadth or depth for your topic.
• Collaborate and Discuss : Engage in discussions with your peers, classmates, or fellow researchers. Brainstorming and exchanging ideas can stimulate new perspectives and inspire unique research topics. Collaborative efforts can also lead to joint research projects, enabling you to explore complex topics or conduct cross-country studies.
• Consider Policy Relevance : Evaluate the policy relevance of your chosen topic. International economics research often addresses real-world economic issues and informs policy decisions. Selecting a topic with policy implications can make your research more impactful and applicable in the context of economic development and global governance.
• Seek Feedback : Once you have narrowed down your research topic, seek feedback from your professors, peers, or research advisors. Their insights can help you refine your research question, provide additional suggestions, or highlight potential challenges in your chosen topic.

By following these expert tips, you can select a compelling and relevant research topic in international economics that aligns with your interests, contributes to the field, and enables you to produce a high-quality research paper. Remember to approach your chosen topic with curiosity, rigor, and a commitment to advancing knowledge in the field of international economics.

How to Write an International Economics Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of international economics requires careful planning, rigorous analysis, and effective communication of your findings. To help you navigate the process, we provide a step-by-step guide on how to write an international economics research paper:

• Understand the Assignment : Familiarize yourself with the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Clarify the research question, required format, citation style, and any specific requirements or expectations for your paper.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Begin by conducting preliminary research on your chosen topic. Review relevant academic literature, empirical studies, and policy reports to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic and identify key research gaps or areas for further investigation.
• Develop a Clear Research Question : Formulate a clear and concise research question that defines the scope of your study. Ensure that your research question is specific, measurable, and aligned with the objectives of your research.
• Create an Outline : Develop an outline that organizes your paper and outlines the structure of your research. A typical research paper structure includes an introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, findings, discussion, and conclusion.
• Conduct In-Depth Literature Review : Conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify the existing knowledge and research on your topic. Analyze and synthesize the findings from previous studies, highlighting the key theories, models, and empirical evidence that are relevant to your research question.
• Choose a Suitable Research Methodology : Select an appropriate research methodology that aligns with your research question and data availability. Common research methodologies in international economics include quantitative analysis, econometric modeling, case studies, or qualitative approaches. Justify your chosen methodology and explain how it will address your research question.
• Gather and Analyze Data : Collect relevant data to support your research findings. Ensure that your data collection methods are appropriate and reliable. Conduct rigorous data analysis using appropriate statistical techniques or qualitative methods, depending on the nature of your research.
• Interpret and Present Findings : Interpret your research findings and present them in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent your data. Provide a detailed analysis and explanation of your findings, relating them back to your research question and existing literature.
• Engage in Critical Discussion : Engage in a critical discussion of your findings by analyzing their implications, limitations, and significance. Discuss any discrepancies or unexpected results and provide possible explanations. Compare your findings with previous research and highlight their contributions to the field of international economics.
• Write a Coherent Conclusion : Summarize your research findings and main arguments in a concise and coherent conclusion. Restate your research question and objectives, and discuss the implications of your findings. Suggest avenues for future research and areas where further investigation is needed.
• Revise and Edit : Proofread your research paper carefully to ensure clarity, coherence, and proper grammar. Check for consistency in formatting, citations, and references. Revise and edit your paper multiple times to improve its overall quality and coherence.
• Seek Feedback : Share your research paper with peers, professors, or research advisors to gather feedback and suggestions for improvement. Incorporate constructive feedback into your paper to strengthen your arguments and enhance its overall quality.

By following these steps, you can effectively plan, conduct, and present your research in the field of international economics. Remember to maintain a rigorous and objective approach throughout your research process and communicate your findings in a clear and concise manner. Good luck with your international economics research paper!

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256 International Trade Essay Topics & Thesis Ideas

• 🏆 Best Essay Topics
• 🔎 Thesis Topics
• ⚖️ Trade Law Topics
• 👍 Research Topics & Examples
• 🌎 Topics in Business & Trade
• 🌶️ Hot Ideas to Write about
• 🎓 Interesting Research Titles
• 💡 Simple Essay Ideas
• ❓ Research Questions

🏆 Best International Trade Essay Topics

• International Trade Simulation and Report
• The Effects of Globalization to Employment and International Trade
• Apple Inc.’s Globalization Strategy and International Trade
• Example of Successful Trading Company: Walmart, INC.
• Globalization Impacts on Trade and Employment
• The Importance of International Trade
• Governmental Role in Influencing International Trade

🔎 International Trade Thesis Topics

• Christopher Columbus: Voyage to Asia’s Discover Trade Routes Christopher Columbus wants to attempt to find new trade routes to Asia by sailing westward. This desire is motivated by dangerous waters in the East, and high cost of shipping.
• The Impact of Corruption on International Trade The paper aims to assess the effects of corruption on international trade through reliable sources and analysis of contributing factors.
• Brazil’s Aspirations to Join the World Trade Organization Brazil’s aspirations to join the World Trade Organization faced a certain resistance on behalf of the country’s left-wing politicians who feared it.
• Consumer Law: Trade Practises Act The report outlines section 52 of the Trade Practises Act, which provides for the measures companies should consider before introducing new products to the market.
• World Trade Organization’s History, Achievements, and Challenges The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization that regulates trade between nations; that was established in 1995 and consists of 164 members.
• Costs Involved in Warehousing, Impacts and Their Trade-offs in the Aviation Costs incurred in the warehousing of aviation and aerospace materials and parts include handling and storage charges, and operational and general administrative expenses
• Conscious Capitalism and Fair Trade The paper discusses the concept of conscious capitalism. It supports fair trade and is relevant to many types of businesses.
• Trade and Usage Control: Drug Enforcement Administration The paper looks into the history of the drug enforcement agency, the factors that led to its formation, its goals, and its comparison with the federal bureau of narcotics.
• International Trade Payment Forms To succeed in international markets and gain sales against international competitors, exporters need to give clients attractive terms of payment supported by viable forms.
• Rodamia: International Trade Simulation The objective of the report is to evaluate the procedure that the Rodamia government should consider in making decisions related to international trade.
• Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Effects The transatlantic slave trade is the forced export of African slaves from Africa to the colonies of the New World and European countries.
• Triangular Trade, Its Legs and Mechanism Triangular trade consisted of three parties, namely Africa, England, and the New World. This essay will discuss the development of transatlantic trade.
• Comparative Advantage and Free Trade Despite its attractive formulation, comparative advantage theory has several pitfalls and is rarely manifested in real-life situations due to trade restriction policies.
• Employee Relations and Trade Unions Businesses now focus on a wider range of factors and place a greater emphasis on other factors such as employee appraisal and motivation.
• The Impact of Globalization on Labor Market and Trade Globalization is the process that refers to the coming together of the international markets. This report examines the impacts of globalization on trade and employment.
• Free Trade: Positive and Negative Sides Free trade is considered the predominant economic approach worldwide, with many countries subscribing to free trade entirely or partially.
• A Trade Policy for Game Consoles in the US and Brazil Even though trade relations between Brazil and the United States are regulated and are among the most profitable for both countries, trade policy has specific nuances.
• Trade Issues and Patterns of Mexico The trade situation in Mexico can be evaluated ambiguously, as it has both positive and negative characteristics.
• The Global Marketing and Trade Environments Economic and trade environments are critical in understanding product performance. A significant marketing concern is reaching the right target audience.
• Impact of International Trade on Emerging Economies Discussing the impact on international trade of emerging economies like those of Eastern Europe, India, and China, what can we expect from them in the next 20–50 years.
• Labour Rights in International Trade In international trade, there is the interaction of different countries whose labor rights might differ from generally accepted by international human labor rights bodies.
• Sony Corporation and the New Trade Theory The New Trade theory is referred to as an economic theory developed by several economists in the 1970s. This theory has clearly been elucidated by the Sony corporation.
• Artworks Depicting Trade: Insights from Ancient Egypt to the Silk Road In this paper, we will examine four artworks related to the theme of trade, and see how these artworks reflect the conditions of the society they are related to.
• The World Trade Organization’s Impact on Public Health The World Trade Organization is an integration organization established on 1 January 1995 to liberalize international trade and regulate its member states’ business.
• The Spread of Islam With Trade and Geography Due to the research on Islam, scientists managed to preserve the scientific heritage of previous civilizations and develop new directions in science, culture, and art.
• Climate Change and Tesla’s Electric Cars The paper discusses environmental sustainability. Using Tesla company electric vehicles is the best decision for tackling the climate change problem.
• International Trade and Investment Countries may form an agreement framework between them in an attempt to expand trade between them and/or resolve underlying disputes.
• Sony Corporation International Trade Strategy Analysis Sony’s current objective and strategy are focused on getting closer to people, which means that the company is shifting its vector of development on creating social value
• China’s Trade Policy for the Global Economy The paper seeks to prove that China presents an outstanding example of rapid economic growth and has affected the development of the global economy significantly.
• Sugar and Cotton History and Present Trade In this paper, we will compare sugar with another commodity – cotton, which had a similar early history to the emergence of sugar.
• Canada’s International Trade Policy International trade strategies have changed for Canada. In fact, 2017 is proving to be the year that define the country’s international trade policy.
• Free Trade as a New Phenomenon in International Trade The free trade concept was introduced in “Theory of Comparative Advantage” by David Ricardo, and is one of the new phenomena in the international trade organization.
• Climate Change and International Trade The relationship between climate change and international trade has been on a great verge of developing a new critical issue. This was so evident at the Conference of Parties Climate Conference.
• International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization This paper studies three international financial organizations: the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization.
• Main Reasons for Trade Between Nations The developed shipping industry and the availability of resources, including land, labor, and capital, in different countries, promote international trade.
• Experiments in High-Frequency Trading High-frequency trading (HFT) is becoming increasingly popular with private businesses and traders. HFT allows traders to make transactions within fractions of seconds.
• Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates Trade Comparison The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the free trade agreement between the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland.
• Trade Routes and Colonization of North America During the period, also known as the Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration, many countries became involved in the process of searching for new trade routes.
• History of the Indian Ocean Trade The Indian Ocean Trade took place between 1200 to 1500ce, and it made a great impact in the world due to the activities involved.
• The United Arab Emirates and International Trade The United Arab Emirates has become one of globalization’s most prominent economic success stories thanks to its diversified economy.

⚖️ International Trade Law Topics for Research Paper

International trade law controls the cross-border exchange of goods and services. It applies international treaties and different countries’ domestic laws to various trade issues, including embargoes, customs duties, free trade zones, and others. This legal policy seeks to foster fair competition and reduce trade barriers.

Research topics on international trade law revolve around WTO activities, intellectual property rights, trade agreements, labor standards, and more. If you’re looking for an engaging topic for your paper, check out these suggestions:

• Legal challenges of pharmaceutical e-commerce.
• How can international commerce law help resolve global health emergencies?
• The impact of the US-China trade conflict on applying international trade law.
• How does international trade law ensure compliance with data ethics?
• Investigate how WTO addresses trade barriers.
• The WTO Seal Case and its influence on international trade law.
• Contradictions between international trade law and human rights laws.
• How does international trade law regulate AI?
• Study how international commerce law balances trade liberalization and environmental protection.
• How do trade agreements impact international economic expansion?

👍 Good Trade Research Topics & Essay Examples

• Importance of the Maritime Trade The Maritime system has both economic and social importance to the U.S. and North America, this is because ships form the primary mode of transport used for international trade.
• Issues in Cryptocurrency Trading Ever since the success of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies have been steadily growing in number as well as the volume of transactions that occur through them.
• International Trade During COVID-19 This document provides an analysis of Canada’s politics in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. A review of this country as a fully-democratic state will be provided to introduce it.
• Cultural Differences in Business & Trade This paper reports on cultural differences among people and determine their impact on trade. Some of the differences are pretty obvious, for example, a language.
• Trade in Singapore: Economic and Political Aspects Singapore is the ideal place for trade because of its geographic location, business environment and less burden imposed by the government.
• Ethical Trade in the UK Garment Industry This research is relevant to understand in business ethics in the garment industry is genuine or a mere response to the pressure groups and the stakeholders.
• Modes of International Trade Payment The importer pays for the goods before they are shipped for export. The supplier is fully protected from non payment for the goods as it gets done in advance.
• Economic Interdependence Theory and Future of Trade The paper addresses the economic interdependence theory, discovers its critical tenets and highlights the variables. It also predicts future trade and conflict.
• China-Africa Trade and Political Relations China and Africa have been economic and political allies for many years. This paper discusses trade and political relations between China and Africa.
• Cap and Trade Programs: US & EU Impact on Climate Change This paper critically examines tradable permit programs in the US and Europe by analysing the programs based on structure, costs, extent, key players, results, and effectiveness.
• Insider Trading: The Key Aspects Insider trading is trading in shares or other securities by people that have access to confidential information. Alongside illegal forms of insider trading, there are legal ones.
• Slave Trade: Origins and Forced Relocations of Enslaved Africans The horrific act of enslaving African people and forcefully transporting them to the Americas is known as the transatlantic slave trade.
• Global Trade: Food Price Indexes and Data Collection Global trade is a rather beneficial aspect of the economy. It provides people with extra job opportunities and exposes people to previously unknown brands.
• The Future of Trade Integration in Africa The most ambitious and promising project launched in 2018 is The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
• Free Trade Agreements Between Canada and Other Countries The connection between Canada and other countries has been ignored over the years, free trade agreements are necessary and should be pursued for various reasons.
• Market Revolution: Agriculture and Global Trade In the era of traders, the vast land area and rich natural resources created many economic opportunities. Most people lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture.
• The 1807 Bill and the Abolition of the Slave Trade The study of the problem of discrimination from a historical perspective allowed me to better understand its origin as it proposes to consider the debate regarding human rights.
• Negotiating Globally: The U.S.-China Trade War Donald Trump added to the controversy of his term in the U.S. President’s office by starting a full-scale trade war against China.
• World Trade Agreements and Anti-Dumping Measures This paper considered the issue of the increasing influence of dumping practices. It is one of the ways of price discrimination.
• Trade and Supply Chain Improvement Initiatives The ability to operate supply chain (SC) and trade processes efficiently is inextricably connected to modern states’ economic success and status in the international market.
• African Kingdoms, Atlantic Slave Trade, and New World Slavery The connections between African kingdoms, the Atlantic slave trade, and the new world slavery are shown in this paper.
• Trade Policies in International Business The ideas of antidumping policies are seen in the article posted in The Economic Times about duties imposed by India on ursodiol.
• Boeing and Airbus: Trade Barriers and Government’s Role The case of Boeing and Airbus demonstrates the governmental impact that created confusion and depicts the effect of trade barriers.
• How Multinational Businesses Can Improve Their Trade Compliance Globalization is a wave informing and shaping the practices of many companies operating in different parts of the world.
• Aspects of the Trading Conditions of Online Brokers The paper aims to explore three collaborative offers from major online brokerage platforms from the perspective of the average investor.
• Trade Advantages within the Global Economy Kenya is an Eastern African country that is bordered by Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, Somalia, Tanzania, and the Indian Ocean.
• Free Trade and Prosperity Based on the Ricardian Trade model, it is worth having free trade even if some people are losing. Free trade promotes access to lower-priced goods with higher quality. Although some people in the home country will experience losses, imports from countries like Mexico and China are cheap, and this helps…
• Article on the North American Free Trade Agreement The North America Free Trade Agreement was a landmark trade deal between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that took effect in 1994.
• Supply Chain Management and Trading System This essay is largely devoted to the discussion of supply chain management and the contemporary trading system.
• International Trade Philosophy Multinational companies which have a presence in foreign markets need to rely on a clear philosophy which can serve as the foundation and guidance for their operations abroad.
• Fair Trade and Its Benefits for Local Farmers Fair trade was introduced to support the work of local farmers, whose incomes depend not only on themselves but also on various factors such as drought, crop diseases, and others.
• The Russian invasion of Ukraine and Its Impact on International Trade The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused enormous human misery, but it has also harmed international trade, which will disproportionately affect low-income nations.
• The US-China Trade War: Microeconomics Principles This paper uses the microeconomics principles to substantiate the impact of trade between China and the US, and the trade war on businesses and consumers of both countries.
• Japan-US International Trade Relationship Through the example of the Japan-US trade relationship, this paper will analyze the importance of a proper assessment of a nation’s and its partner’s economy.
• Why International Trading Is Beneficial The paper states that international trading is vital in overcoming the problems of limited natural resource production opportunities.
• Export and Import in World Economy and International Trade The paper aims to study two mechanisms, export and import, which function together and must be examined to learn more about the world economy and all international trade.
• Trade Between Europe and Other Countries The trade relationship between Europe and other countries is improving, however, there are cultural, political, governmental, and economic challenges.
• Globalization and Poverty: Trade Openness and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria Globalization can be defined as the process of interdependence on the global culture, economy, and population. It is brought about by cross-border trade.
• Fair Trade Joe: Business Opportunities Fair Trade Joe has multiple opportunities, such as using its customer-oriented strategy to develop relationships with its clients, grow retention, and build brand awareness.
• Trade Agreement Between Mexico and Brazil Using the example of an agreement concluded between Brazil and Mexico, it is worth considering the advantages and disadvantages of such actions.

🌎 Topics in International Business & Trade

Now, we suggest you look at some common questions about international business and trade. Hopefully, our short explanations will help you familiarize yourself with this topic.

What Is International Business and Trade?

International trade means exchanging goods and services between different countries. It also involves the movement of currency used to pay for those goods. Meanwhile, global business is a broader term describing all commercial transactions between two or more countries. This concept encompasses the movement of not only merchandise but also personnel, technology, capital, and intellectual property like patents or trademarks.

What Is the Difference between IB and DB?

Domestic business refers to enterprises that operate within a country’s boundaries and are governed by its laws. In contrast, international trade crosses national borders. It deals with multiple countries’ markets, regulations, and cultural differences. As you might expect, it is much easier for companies to run their business in the internal market. When they decide to go global, they must navigate complex regulatory frameworks, adapt to varying market conditions, and overcome more trade barriers .

What Are the Types of International Trade?

There are three paramount forms of international trade: export, import, and entrepot. They sound pretty similar, don’t they? Let’s figure out the difference! Export is selling items to another country, whereas import means bringing foreign-made items to a country. As for entrepot trade, it refers to importing goods into a country and re-exporting them without any repackaging or processing.

What Are the Challenges of International Business?

The language barrier is one of the most severe problems in international business. That’s because a portion of information is lost in translation, making it challenging for companies to explain their goals to clients. In addition, international businesses have issues managing globally distributed teams, creating brand consistency, being aware of nuances of foreign policies, and overcoming inflation rate risks.

🌶️ Hot Trade Ideas to Write about

• Facilitating Trade and Securing Import & Export One of the European Government’s concerns is to facilitate trade while also securing import and export procedures.
• The US Trade Deficit as a Current News Issue The US trade deficit resulted from a rise in imports, probably caused by businesses’ replenishment of inventories depleted during the COVID-10 pandemic.
• Thailand: Culture, Tourism, International Trade This paper aims to research the country of Thailand: its population and society, the culture of Thailand, the country’s economy and international trade, and tourism in Thailand.
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) The current paper presents two points why advertising should be controlled by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
• India’s International Trade Policy India partners with great countries that help promote trade. Trade between India and the EU has dramatically increased by 12.5%.
• The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the International Trading The coronavirus pandemic has created new tough barriers to globalization and trade: the shutdown of production and the borders of leading countries and economic groups.
• Fair Enough? Big Business Embraces Fair Trade In fair trade, product manufacturers and consumers are responsible for growers in the creation of their possibility to sell products for a reasonable price.
• Fair Trade Organized Social Movements Fair trade is an organized social movement that advocates fair standards of international labor, environmental, and social regulation.
• Stockbroker E*TRADE: A Pioneer in Online Trading E*TRADE is among the most competitive and notable discount brokers. And this claim is based on its innovative trading resources and platforms.
• Aspects of International Trade The focus of the paper is to compare and contrast the factor-proportions theories and country-specific theories that address the partners.
• Exploring the Global Economy: International Trade and Finance Global trade and finance is a framework based on efficiency and effectiveness through interconnectedness and specialization, which carries greater risks for all involved parties.
• Trade Peculiarities in Food and Agriculture Food trading is a peculiar area, as food is the basis for surviving the population. The one who controls food production and trading routes, also controls all populations.
• Negative Sentiments Against Trade and Globalization Although the authors’ views are robust and applicable to developed economies, rising negative sentiments against trade and globalization remain relevant in developing countries.
• Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) This paper will present a discussion of the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Agreement.
• The Role of the FTC and CFPB in Safeguarding Consumers The report investigates the role of the Federal Trade Commission and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the economy of the country, their legal grounds, and leverages.
• Business Law: Trade Union This work assesses the chances of organizing a community of workers and shows how the state is trying to regulate it. Unionization is a vital part of the working process.
• European Slave Trade in Historical Documents The European Slave Trade was one of the three stages involved in the triangular transaction, otherwise known as the Trans-Atlantic trade.
• The UK Global Competitiveness in Trade After Brexit The long-term goal for UK in international trade is to be globally competitive. One major problem is the negative trend in trade deficit during the last decade with EU members.
• Discussion of International Trade The article says that international trade is one of the essential things in the world today because without its help slowed down the development of a person as such.
• The Current Trading Environment of Airbus This paper provides a brief company history, current situation overview, internal and external analysis, evaluates challenges, and identifies future directions.
• Electric Cars and Trade Paradigm Global businesses and working environments are complex and require an in-depth assessment of issues for proper management.
• Researching of the Challenges of Free Trade In the world of serious business, along with opportunities for real economic growth, companies face the potential threat of financial and reputational collapse and decline
• Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The paper analyzes the two bodies established to promote consumer protection and eliminate inappropriate business practices.
• Insider Trading – The Legal and Illegal The insider trading is illegal activity when non-public information is used to gain an advantage over other traders.
• Multinational Business Finance and Currency Trade At the time of the recession, investments became more substantial and soon large amounts of money were put into the financial system.
• Free and Fair Trade: Vietnam-EU Partnership Free trade includes policies that help to reduce barriers that may serve as an impediment to international commerce.
• Choosing a Currency Trading Strategy: When Investments Start to Grow While trading currency does involve a specific element of unpredictability, it still follows common economic laws, and its processes can be traced easily.
• International Trade Law: Cif Contract CIF contracts are one of the most popular trade agreements between a buyer and a seller in the sphere of international trade when sea carriage is used.
• The Trade War Between the USA and China The most important geopolitical issue is the trade war between the USA and China. Its development affects every other country due to the two economies in the world.
• The History of the Slave Trade in America This paper aims at exploring the rise of the slave trade in America and its influence on American economic life.
• Sino-American Trade War and Its Impact The trade war between the US and China has negatively influenced the economic systems of both countries. There could be increased costs for customers in the US.
• Fire Cases of World Trade Center and Dupont Fires Fires are among the fatal tragedies that have befallen America since time immemorial. Fire tragedies continue to haunt people despite efforts made to fight fires.
• The Federal Trade Commission This paper presents that the funeral services industry is essential since it allows grieving people to bury their dead ones in style.
• The Effects of Trade Unions on Alienation at Work The workers, by being aware of their trade union’s support, experience alienating feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and meaninglessness at work.
• Human Rights and International Trade Human rights in international trade precipitated the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which caters to the welfare of the workers and other interest groups.
• The U.S. Trade Balance and China Trade War Challenges This paper describes the US trade balance in terms of its impact on the country’s economy, as well as in the context of the ongoing phenomenon of a trade war with China.
• Trade War Between the US and China The trade war between the US and China makes a negative impact on the economies of both countries, leading to a trade deficit and higher prices.
• International and Traditional Trading Theories A trade war is a situation in which countries seek to harm each other’s economies, retaliate against each other by imposing import restrictions and other methods.
• Productivity Trade-Offs in Organizations Productivity is calculated by combining the time used for creating something as well as materials to divide them later equally.
• The China-United States Trade War The paper provides information on trade barriers between USA and China and their promotes free trade on the international scene.

🎓 Most Interesting Trade Research Titles

• “Do Investors Trade Too Much?” by Odean The author assumes that this may have certain relation to the overall excessive trading volume which can often be observed on the world market.
• Multinational Corporations and Trade Unions Multinational corporations are the main subject of globalization in the modern world. Trade unions were concerned about the uncontrolled actions of such corporations.
• The Effects of Globalization on Trade Globalization entails incorporating national wealth through the trade of goods, investment, capital distribution, labor exchange, and technology use.
• Commodity Trading Advisor: Skills and Practice Analysis This paper has covered the legal matters that a Commodity Trading Advisor needs to deal with before practicing so as to avoid serious implications.
• The World Trade Organization: Purpose and Functions The World Trade Organization (WTO) is one the most vital parts of modern trade. It is an intergovernmental organization, regulating sales across the world.
• Long-Term Impacts of the Chinese-American Trade War The trade war between the United States and China is one of the main factors of instability in the global economy.
• Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Legacy That Lives On The Transatlantic slave trade that took place between the 16th and the 19th centuries removed Africans from their homelands and brought them to Americas against their will.
• Investing in the Current Market of Trading Cards The current market of trading cards is experiencing a significant rise as the annual revenues of those collecting them increase.
• Present Day Resistance Historical Roots to the Trade Globalization The selfish character of economic integration is the primary historical basis for the resistance to globalization.
• What Is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)? North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade bloc formed in 1994 to enhance free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
• Trade Liberalization: Environmental Effects Trade liberalization presents major opportunities, especially to developing nations. New policies allow global trade to create and sustain global economic growth.
• Free Trade as a Fundamental Principle of Modern Globalization Free trade has become critical in the globalized world by expanding diversity of not just goods, but technology and workforce.
• Fair Trade Concept Overview The purpose of this paper is to define the concept of fair trade and to discuss its value to society through the example of organic products.
• International Trade: Identifying Market Structure Being a monopolistic competition, the U.S. car market can be seen as a rather environment to target. Its structure is multilayered and, with several key organizations.
• UK Interests in EU-India Free Trade Agreement To dispel dogmas created by the critics, the United Kingdom decided to state its interest in the ongoing FTA negotiations.
• The World of Trade in 1897 by Jules Ferry According to Ferry, the world of trade changed significantly at that time due to the introduction of protectionism.
• International Trade and Trade Policies Trade policies were initially done away with but the globalization has now begun to haunt all world governments.
• Atlantic Slave Trade and Its Effect on Africa and the Americas The Atlantic Slave Trade involved shipping of the African slaves from the Western coast of Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean.
• International Trade: Term Definition This paper will throw light upon Fair trade and is the current marketing strategy for Fair Trade Brands sustainable?
• World Trade Organization Definition and Tasks The main WTO functions are control of tariffs and implementation of quotas among countries so that to establish fair conditions for trade.
• Trade in Environmental Goods and Economic Growth This paper analyzes how trading in environmental-friendly goods and services may be important in improving the quality of the environment and promoting economic development.
• Sugar Cane Plantation and Slave Trade in South America By 1652, the price of slaves had doubled, marked by increased demand for slave labor and increased price of sugar in the new world. The price of slaves was determined by health, age.
• United States Trade Deficit Trends Trade balance refers to an ideal situation where a country’s imports and export are equal. It is difficult to attain this balance, resulting in either a deficit or a surplus.
• Developing States-World Trade Organization Conflict The latest conflict between developing countries and World Trade Organization (WTO) is concerns international patent laws.
• The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Slavery Abolishment Slave trade carried out mostly in the 17th-18th centuries encompassed the capturing, selling, and purchase of people for the sole purpose of forced labor.
• World Trade Organization and North American Free Trade Agreement The world trade organization and North America free trade agreements are both international trade agreements with several similarities and differences.
• Trade Effect on Environmentalism and Poverty This is a research paper about the effect of trade on the environment and the way in which trade has contributed to the improvement of living standards.
• Protectionism or Free Trade as a Ways of Reversing Trade Deficit Potential consequences of countries’ introduction of free trade or protectionist policies for key economic sectors.
• Trade Unions in France and Spain The discussion of the union systems in France and Spain has shown that they have gone through a number of failures before their eventual formation
• Employment Contract, Termination and Restraint to Trade The employer needs to give correct information about a given position, it may help to find a suitable candidate for job and portray a better understanding of one responsibilities.
• World Trade Organisation in the Modern Global Economy The World Trade Organization is an international organization that deals with global rules of trade between nations.
• International Trade Debate: Discussion of Nuances The development of the modern human society is associated with the processes of globalization and trade liberalization.
• South Korea as a Country for US Investment and Trade South Korea offers a great destination for business ventures. South Korea has advanced from being one of the poorest countries to become one of the most technologically advanced.
• Garment Trading Company: Motivational Climate and Its Improvement Using well-elaborated methodology and up-to-date research of employees’ motivation, the survey is designed to determine the level of employees’ motivation in this company.
• ASEAN Free Trade Area and Economic Development ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) opened new opportunities for Eats Asian countries to stabilize their economies and improve financial performance of the region.
• Globalization, the Sex Trade and HIV-AIDS Two separate incidents but same destiny. Caught in the racket of sex traffickers both the girls end up as sex slaves. This brings us only to face with an increasing truth of trafficking of women globally.
• Information Systems in Aurora International Trading The information system in any business organization has become a vital factor in determining the competitive edge of the organization.
• A Damned Piece of Rascality: The Business of Slave Trading in Southern Appalachia The author of the article Aaron Purcell has been able to demonstrate how the county of southern Appalachia played a crucial role in the slavery institution.
• Encourage Fair Trade in Scotland The main purpose of this essay is to enlighten the reader about the genuine efforts an organisation called Fair Trade is undertaking to streamline global trade.
• Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade One of the characteristics of the history of many ancient nations is the colonization, i.n. the establishment of new settlements in foreign lands.

💡 Simple International Trade Essay Ideas

• North American Free Trade Agreement and Employment
• Global Mind Commodities Trading Company’s Strategic Marketing
• Multi-Fibres Agreement and Free Trade in Textile Sector
• Have the Trade Policies of President Donald Trump Increased the Competitiveness of the USA?
• Bhutan’s Trade and Exchange Rate Policies
• Medical Devices Trade Agreements for Healthcare
• International Business: Sino-American Trade War
• North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of North Carolina
• European Trade Goods for Native Americans
• HIV Transmission and Syringe Trade-In System
• Trading Instructions: Primary Source Analysis
• Global Trade Slowdown and Protectionism
• International Trade Benefits for the US Economy
• Slave Trade and Workforce in American History
• The Demographic Changes of American Trade Unions
• Global Political Economy: World Trade Organization, World Bank, and European Union
• World Trade Organization: Two Major World Forums
• Fair Trade: Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
• Nicaragua’s Overreliance on International Trade
• China Trade Barriers and Their Economic Effects
• International Trade Theory: Hill’s Book Summary
• The Political Economy of International Trade
• Nestlé’s Nescafe Partners’ Blend and Fair Trade
• International Business and Free Trade Agreement
• North American Free Trade Agreement’s Pros & Cons
• Globalization Impact on Trade and Employment
• Water Savings and Virtual Trade in Agriculture
• Virtual Water Trade and Savings in Agriculture
• Using Free and Secure Trade to Smuggle Drugs
• Virtual Water Trade of Agricultural Products
• Trade Openness and Economic Growth’s Relationship
• The United Kingdom’s Fair Trade Initiatives
• World Trade Center Disaster and Anti-Terrorism
• Foreign Investment and Trade Policy in the US
• Future Fabrication, International Trade, Transportation
• Virtual Water Savings and Trade in Agriculture
• Insider Trading Situation in 2017
• The Fair Trade Concept
• Carbon Tax vs Cap and Trade: Reducing CO2 Emissions
• Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade System
• International Business and Free Trade
• Statistical Pairs Trading and Analyst Recommendation
• American Cuban Conundrum: Trade Relations
• Gulf States, International Trade and Security
• Fair Trade: Ethics in the UK Garment Industry
• United Kingdom Trade Union Congress Mobilization
• Trade Mark Protection in the United States Law
• New France’s and the North American’ Fur Trade
• Impact of Transatlantic Trade on African and American Economies
• Denmark’s National Savings and Balance of Payments Analysis
• Bali Conference: WTO’s Landmark Agreement Boosts Global Trade
• Gardena Flowers and Plants Trading: Dubai’s Premier Plant Nursery
• Defending Slavery: Termination of Slavery and Slave Trade in South America
• US International Trade and Economic Nationalism

❓ Trade Research Questions

• What Are the Differences Between American and European Trade Unions?
• What Is the Importance of a Surplus Trade Balance?
• Does the World Trade Organization Hinder Economic Growth in Developing Countries?
• Does Trade With Low-Wage Countries Cause a Trade Deficit in High-Wage Countries?
• What Are the Differences Between Free Trade and Protectionism?
• Are Trade Unions Necessary in the Present Context?
• What Are International Trade Law Limitations and Benefits?
• What Are the Gains From Trade and the Implications for Trade Negotiations?
• Why the Theory of Comparative Advantage Is the Basis for International Trade?
• Does Trade With Low-Wage Countries Hurt American Workers?
• What Are the Objectives of the Trade Union?
• Why Does Canada Have Inter-Provincial Trade Issues?
• Why Is the US So Rich if Its Trade Balance Is Negative?
• Why Was France Warning the UK for Bitter Trade Negotiations?
• Why Does the UK Have Such Restrictive Trade Union Laws?
• Why Doesn’t the US or UK Devalue Its Currency to Solve Its Trade Balance Problems?
• What Is the Difference Between Trade Associations and Labor Unions?
• What Is the Significance of GATT in International Trade Law?
• What Countries Have LAX Insider Trade Law Enforcement?
• Do International Trade Laws Apply in France?
• Why Does the Trade Union Movement in Australia Support the Labor Party?
• Why Many LDCs Struggle to Increase Their Balance of Trade?
• Was Michel Barnier the Wrong Man to Handle the EU’s Trade Negotiations With the UK?
• Why Does the Democratic Party Wish for Trump to Fail in Trade Issues?
• What Are the Trade Issues of China in the US Market?

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StudyCorgi. (2021, September 9). 256 International Trade Essay Topics & Thesis Ideas. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/

"256 International Trade Essay Topics & Thesis Ideas." StudyCorgi , 9 Sept. 2021, studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/.

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StudyCorgi . "256 International Trade Essay Topics & Thesis Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "256 International Trade Essay Topics & Thesis Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Trade were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on October 7, 2024 .

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International Trade Law Research Guide

Introduction.

• Secondary Sources: Treatises & Books
• Secondary Sources: Journal Articles
• Subscription Databases
• U.S. Government Agency Resources
• Internatioinal and Inter-Governmental Organization Resources
• Non-Governmental Organization Resources
• From GATT to the WTO: An Overview
• Quick Reference Table with Citations
• Texts and Status of the Agreements
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• Citations to WTO & GATT Agreements
• WTO Schedules & Tariff Information
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• WTO Organization & Decision Making
• WTO & GATT Official Documents
• Dispute Settlement Practice & Procedure
• Dispute Status and Dispute-Related Documents
• Panel & Appellate Body Reports; Arbitration Decisions & Awards
• Citations to Dispute Resolution Materials
• Mega-Regional Trade Agreements: CPTPP & T-TIP
• NAFTA and the USMCA (NAFTA 2.0)
• U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (Superseded by NAFTA)
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
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The growth of international trade has generated a complex and ever-expanding body of primary law , including treaties and international agreements , national legislation , and trade dispute settlement case law .  This research guide focuses primarily on the multilateral trading system administered by the World Trade Organization .  It also includes information about regional and bilateral trade agreements , particularly those to which the U.S. is a party.  

Key Resources for International Trade Research

See the Subscription Databases page of this research guide for more detailed information about the resources that are briefly described below:

• Boderlex - trade-related news, with a particular focus on trade policy in Europe.  
• International Trade Practice Center - U.S. primary law governing international trade, secondary sources, practitioner tools, and news.  
• TradeLawGuide - tools for interpreting WTO agreements & case law.  
• U.S. International Trade Library - U.S. primary law & compiled legislative histories, congressional hearings, and secondary sources.  
• World Trade Online - trade-related news and current awareness.  
• WorldTradeLaw.net - WTO case law summaries & commentary.  
• WTO Analytical Index - interpretation & application of WTO agreements.  

Research Assistance and Help with Related Topics 

If you need assistance with international trade law research, visit the Research Help page of the Georgetown University Law Library's website. Or contact the Law Library's International and Foreign Law Department by phone (202-662-4195) or by email ( [email protected] ).  Georgetown Law Center students may schedule a one-on-one research consultation with a librarian.

For questions about U.S. customs law and tariffs, consult the Law Library's Customs Law (U.S.) research guide.  For questions about non-U.S. customs law and tariffs, consult the Law Library's Customs Law research guide.

For research involving disputes between foreign investors and host states, consult the Law Library's guide to International Investment Law .  For research involving transnational commercial disputes between private parties, consult the Law Library's guide to  International Commercial Arbitration .  

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Some Places to Browse for Topic Ideas

• CBO Reports on International Trade and Finance Topcs Congressional Budget Office reports on trade topics.
• Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World Overviews of International Trade topics by business professors.
• IMF Publications by Subject Lists publications by the International Monetary Fund. Some are free online and some are not free.
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Signed articles provide concise explanations of terms and theories. Bibliographies at the end of entries provide recommended reading on the topic.
• Peterson Institute for International Economics Browse working papers on economic policy.
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ECN3660: International Trade Theory & Policy Research Guide

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• Trade & Tariff Web Sites
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• Emerging Markets Information Service This link opens in a new window Find news, company and industry information, and financial and economic data for emerging markets/countries.

Organizations & Think Tanks

• EconPapers Provides free access to RePEc, the world's largest collection of online Economics working papers, journal articles, and software. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a collaborative effort of volunteers in 68 countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics.
• Petersen Institute for International Economics Private, nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution devoted to the study of international economic policy. Find hot topic analyses, policy briefs, working papers, expert testimony, and more.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) The link takes you to WTO's Trade Topics page.
• OECD Topic page on Trade Find working papers on a variety of trade topics. Babson does not subscribe but there is a lot of free content you can view.
• Fraser Institute Publishes the Economic Freedom of the World Index.
• globalEDGE Global business portal from Michigan State University. See "Global Resource Directory" links to "Current Topics in IB", e.g. Outsourcing, Regional Trade Agreements, and the links under "Trade".
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UCL Department of Economics

Topics in International Economics

PhD Skills Development Module, Term 2

This module offers an overview of several active areas of research in international trade. It introduces frontier topics, insights, and tools, with the goal of preparing PhD students to conduct independent cutting-edge research in the field, as well as in adjacent fields where ideas and techniques from international trade may be useful, such as urban and spatial economics, labor, development, IO, finance, and macro. 

The module will consist of 10 two-hour lectures. The preliminary set of topics includes:

• Trade, FDI and financial frictions (Kalina Manova)
• Global value chains and production networks (Kalina Manova)
• Trade and labor markets (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Trade within countries and development (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Cities and development (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Spatial and general equilibrium spillovers (Kirill Borusyak)
• The effects of trade on welfare and inequality (Kirill Borusyak)

Students from University of London universities other than UCL are welcome to register.

Instructors

• Kirill Borusyak ( [email protected] , Drayton House 307)
• Kalina Manova ( [email protected] , Drayton House 301)
• Gabriel Ulyssea ( [email protected] , Office TBA)

Lectures : TBA Office hours : TBA

Prerequisites

We strongly recommend that students take or audit EC532 “International Economics for Research Students” during Term 1 at the LSE. This module covers baseline models in international trade that provide useful foundations for the topics course at UCL. UCL students can easily register for EC532, and Daniella Harper can assist with the logistics.

No formal assessment is required for this skills development PhD module. In order to fully benefit from the module, students are strongly encouraged to complete all assigned reading and participate actively in class. Interested students are welcome to develop a 5-page project proposal that they could pursue as part of their dissertation and receive constructive feedback from the lecturers.  

Reading List

• Foley, F. and K. Manova (2015). “International Trade, Multinational Activity, and Corporate Finance.” Annual Review of Economics 7: 119-46.
• Manova, K. (2013). “Credit Constraints, Heterogeneous Firms and International Trade.” Review of Economic Studies 80: 711-44.
• Antràs, P., Desai, M. and F. Foley (2009). “Multinational Firms, FDI Flows and Imperfect Capital Markets.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124: 1171-219.
• Manova, K., Wei, S.-J. and Z. Zhang (2015). “Firm Exports and Multinational Activity under Credit Constraints.” Review of Economics and Statistics 97, p.574-88.
• Bilir, K., Chor, D., and K. Manova (2019). “Host Country Financial Development and Multinational Activity.” European Economic Review 115: 192-220.
• Berthou, A., Chung, J.H., Manova, K. and C. Sandoz (2018). “Trade, Productivity and (Mis)allocation." CEPR Working Paper.
• Antràs, P. and D. Chor (2021). “Global Value Chains.” NBER Working Paper 28549.
• Bernard, A. and A. Moxnes (2018). “Networks and Trade.” Annual Review of Economics 10: 65-85.
• Bernard, A., Dhyne, E., Magerman, G., Manova, K. and A. Moxnes (2020). “The Origins of Firm Heterogeneity: A Production Network Approach." Journal of Political Economy (forthcoming).
• Huang, H., Manova, K. and F. Pisch (2021). “Firm Heterogeneity and Imperfect Competition in Global Production Networks.” Mimeo.
• Autor, D. H., Dorn, D. and Hanson, G. H. (2013). “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Impacts of Import Competition in the United States.” American Economic Review 103(6), 2121-2168.
• Autor, D., Dorn, D. and Hanson, G. (2016) “The China Shock: Learning about Labor Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade.” Annual Review of Economics 8, 205-240.    
• Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, and Brian K. Kovak (2017). "Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics." American Economic Review 107: 2908-46.
• Ponczek, Vladimir, and Gabriel Ulyssea (2021). "Enforcement of Labor Regulation and the Labor Market Effects of Trade: Evidence from Brazil." Conditionally accepted at Economic Journal.
• Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, Costas Meghir, and Gabriel Ulyssea (2021). “Trade and Informality in the Presence of Labor Market Frictions and Regulations.” NBER Working Paper 28391.
• Donaldson, Dave (2018). "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure." American Economic Review 108: 899-934.
• Atkin, David, and Dave Donaldson (2015). “Who's Getting Globalized? The Size and Implications of Intra-national Trade Costs.” NBER Working Paper 21439.
• Donaldson, D. and Hornbeck, R. (2016). “Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(2), 799–858. 
• Ahlfeldt GM, Redding SJ, Sturm DM, Wolf N. (2015). “The Economics of Density: Evidence from the Berlin Wall.” Econometrica 83: 2127-89.
• Gharad Bryan, Edward Glaeser, Nick Tsivanidis (2020). “Cities in the Developing World.” Annual Review of Economics 12: 273-297.
• Tsivanidis, Nick (2019). "Evaluating the Impact of Urban Transit Infrastructure: Evidence from Bogota’s Transmilenio." Mimeo.
• Adão, R., Arkolakis, C. and Esposito, F. (2020). “General Equilibrium Indirect Effects in Space: Theory and Measurement.” Mimeo.
• Adão, R., Kolesár, M. and Morales, E. (2019). “Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(4), 1949–2010.
• Borusyak, K., and Hull, P. (2021). “Non-Random Exposure to Exogenous Shocks: Theory and Applications.” Mimeo.
• Borusyak, K., Hull, P. and Jaravel, X. (2020). “Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs.” Review of Economic Studies (forthcoming).
• Adão, R., Carrillo, P., Costinot, A., Donaldson, D. and Pomeranz, D. (2020). “Exports, Imports, and Earnings Inequality: Micro-Data and Macro-Lessons from Ecuador.” Mimeo .
• Adão, R., Costinot, A. and Donaldson, D. (2017). “Nonparametric Counterfactual Predictions in Neoclassical Models of International Trade.” American Economic Review 107: 633–689. 
• Arkolakis, C., Costinot, A. and Rodríguez-Clare, A. (2012). “New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?” American Economic Review 102: 94-130. 
• Baqaee, D. R. and Farhi, E. (2021). “Networks, Barriers, and Trade.” Mimeo.
• Borusyak, K. and Jaravel, X. (2021). “The Distributional Effects of Trade: Theory and Evidence from the United States.” Mimeo .

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International Trade Law : Research Guide

Introduction, introductory resources on international trade.

• Introduction to GATT and WTO
• Founding Documents
• GATT Resources
• Uruguay Round Resources
• WTO Resources
• GATT/WTO Electronic Resources
• Introductory Resources
• Legal Texts
• Dispute Resolution Decisions
• United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Mercado Común del Cono Sur
• Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
• United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
• Research Guides

Authorship History

Written by Karin Johnsrud. Updated by Dana Neacșu.

International trade is a complicated area of law to research because there are numerous levels of trade organizations and interactions. There are bilateral trade agreements, regional trade agreements and multinational trade agreements. Each of these agreements has its own history, policies and dispute settlement procedures. Trade organizations established under the agreements have separate resources that can be searched. Furthermore, individual countries have their own policies and laws relating to international trade. As an example, the United States Congress must pass legislation enacting international trade agreements before the United States can officially become a party. The national policies have to be researched individually and frequently separately from the resources relating to the international organizations.

The purpose of this guide is to provide an introduction to a variety of the resources available on campus, as well as from the Internet. General introductory resources will be discussed first. Then the guide will proceed through a discussion of the major multilateral trade agreements, regional trade agreements and United Nations trade bodies.

For additional assistance in finding International Trade Law materials at Columbia's Diamond Law Library, please do not hesitate to contact the reference librarians at [email protected] . Consult the the Guide to Columbia Library Services and Policies Research Guide for general information and reference hours.

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International Trade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials

Ohio State Legal Studies Research Paper No. 654

Aspen Publishers (2022)

4 Pages Posted: 17 Sep 2021 Last revised: 13 Jan 2023

Daniel C. K. Chow

Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law

Thomas J. Schoenbaum

University of Washington - School of Law

Gregory C. Dorris

Independent

Date Written: September 16, 2021

Substantially revised and reorganized, this fourth edition of International Trade Law: Cases, Problems, and Materials (2022) takes full account of the revolutionary developments in this field of law stemming from the U.S. boycott of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the extensive use of tariffs by the Trump administration. The authors believe that U.S. federal trade law remedies assume an even greater importance after the United States precipitated an existential crisis of the WTO by causing the paralysis of its dispute settlement system. This new edition takes an approach that appears to be unique among all similar textbooks: an emphasis on U.S. domestic trade laws against a full background of WTO law to provide the student with a deep and sophisticated understanding of U.S. trade laws and their relationship to the WTO. To this end, this edition emphasizes U.S. domestic law trade laws and remedies, including national security tariffs, section 301 tariffs to combat foreign unfair trade practices, antidumping and countervailing duties, export controls and trade sanctions. This book also offers full analysis of the new United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement. Comprehensive coverage of U.S. domestic trade law is set against the background of the international law rules of the WTO in a compact book of about 700 pages. The attached document contains the preface and a table of contents for the fourth edition.

Keywords: United States, International Trade Law, International Economic Law, World Trade Organization, Tariffs

JEL Classification: K2, K33, K34, K4, K40

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Daniel Chee King Chow (Contact Author)

Ohio state university (osu) - michael e. moritz college of law ( email ).

55 West 12th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 United States 614 292-0948 (Phone) 614 292-3202 (Fax)

University of Washington - School of Law ( email )

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627 Trade Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best trade topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on trade, 📌 simple & easy trade essay titles, 🎓 trade writing prompts, 🥇 most interesting trade topics to write about, 💡 interesting topics to write about trade, ❓ trade essay questions.

• The Impact of the Trans-Saharan Trade on the Growth of Western Sudanese Polities The area commonly known as Western Sudan comprises a broad stretch of the savanna between the expansive Sahara Desert to the North and the South’s tropical rainforest.
• Free Trade vs. Protectionism The root cause of the problem is the desire for local industries to be protected from an influx of cheap foreign imports.
• Parsons and Weber: Tools and Trade Parsons’ contributions to social theories and social actions include his analysis of social institutions, outlining systemic theory into sociology, description of the voluntaristic theory of action and analysis of anti-Semitism, fascism and aggression as the […]
• Starbucks Company’s Trade Theories The firm was the first to present a revolutionary approach to coffee consumption in the US. According to the theory, Starbucks operates in a competitive and profitable industry.
• Case Activity: a Plan for Fair Trade Mojo Sunshine Cafe requires a comprehensive public relations plan to create brand awareness to the prospective customers and increase the number of walk-in businesses at the local stores within college towns.
• History of Air Transportation and International Trade The dynamic growth of airfreight was attributed to increase in tonnages and a sharp increase of the average distances traveled by air.
• The Hudson’s Bay Company and the Northwest Fur Trade The firm was established as a joint stock with the trading of the stock of the firm requiring the consent of the governor and the committee.
• Fair Trade Essay Besides, fair trade emphasizes the alteration of various operations and policies of conventional trade to promote equity in the business. It is essential to the note that the farmer is a member of the cooperative […]
• Javan Rhinos: Wildlife Trading of Endangered Animals Out of the five rhino species, Javan rhinoceros is the most threatened species despite being in the ecosystem for millions of years, playing a crucial role in shaping the landscape by its feeding style.
• Bangladesh’s International Textile Trade The theory points towards Bangladesh’s ability to produce more goods efficiently with cheap labor and still supply and sell it cheaply.
• International Trade: Threats and Openings for Workers The challenges that lay ahead of international trade can be seen through the need to establish international standards that will cover and protect the workers on an international basis, in terms of minimum wages, health […]
• The Film “World Trade Center” The main actor of the film works at the Port Authority, where he’s working day began when the initial attack on the World Trade Center buildings referred to us as the Twin Tower building, started.
• When the Best Price Is Not the Fair Trade Price: Starbucks The purpose of the fair trade practices is to improve the welfare of the farmers by increasing their income. It is the moral and legal right for Starbucks to act in a way that it […]
• Cultural Exchange Through Trade in the Sixteenth Century This paper examines how trading activities during the sixteenth century enhanced the exchange of these values among people of different ethnicities who were involved in trade in the different trade routes that existed in the […]
• ‘Human Resources Management’ and ‘Trade Unions’ Conventionally, the roles of trade unions have been to safeguard jobs and to protect the real earning of workers, provide them security and better working conditions and to struggle against mistreatment and uncertainty in order […]
• Trade Off in Business Life For a consumer, the decision may be to choose on the items he wants to buy for example, buying a car instead of using public car on the way to work. The same time, I […]
• British Trading Giant Tesco: Impact of Globalization That is why the research work presented to your attention is the study of one of the greatest companies dealing with the retail trade in the world British trading giant Tesco.
• Walmart and North American Free Trade Agreement In addition to this, the Agreement that relied on free trade was more beneficial for Walmart because of the company’s strong competitive advantage of a unique distribution system and bargaining power.
• International Trade Impact on the Amazon Region In addition, for the Amazon region to come full circle from the agrarian economy to the “adolescent economy,” governments in the region have to participate in the improvement of trade on the international front.
• International Trade and Its Effects on Globalization The internet, with the help of advanced software enables the international managers to monitor and manage the progress of all the activities of all the company’s firms.
• Protectionism in International Trade Protectionism refers to policy agendas, which aim to increase the number of tariffs and subsidies that governments use to prevent or minimise trades or exploitation that result from free trade in the international market.
• Challenges Facing Human Resources: Organizations, Employees, and Trade Unions Finally, another challenge although external to an organization is challenges that may arise due to stress and conflicts on the side of human resource managers.
• What is Aristotle’s View on Trade? Aristotle argues that the art of exchanging goods or services in the pretext of trade is not good. Aristotle asserts that household management is necessary and honorable and therefore, families should never engage in retail […]
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) By and by, the pact has lead to the removal of a majority of tariff and non-tariff barriers to costless commerce and investment between the three signatories to the pact.
• Globalization Effects on Food Industry, Trading, Education The major benefit enjoyed by the developing nations is the capability to import the raw materials from the industrially developed countries, to facilitate the production of goods required in the country.
• Trading on the Stock Markets In the United States, the biggest stock market, basing on the market capitalization, is the NYSE “New York Stock Exchange”. This stock exchange, being the only major stock exchange in the country, used to operate […]
• Pros and Cons of International Trade In conclusion, it is worth emphasizing that the phenomenon of international trade and the exchange of goods is of profound importance for the economies of countries.
• Risk Analysis of Tracking Adults at Trade Shows Firms are now using advanced data management systems to improve the visibility of events during trade fairs to boost their growth rate and profitability.
• International Economics: Neoclassical Theory of Trade Customers give tax to the government and profits to the firm. The government on the other hand, offers law and order to the firm and customers.
• E-Commerce and Its Effects on Business and Trade The emergence of digital and online technologies has paved the way for new opportunities and trends in global trade. In particular, the Internet has provided businesses with new communication channels that have sharpened the competition […]
• The Benefits and Disadvantages of Free Trade Economic integration is a major challenge to the national fiscal policies, the existence of some economies without straining and the entry of new members in the euro zone.
• The Silk Road Trade and Its History The use of camel transportation increased the viability of the Silk Road. The movement of people and goods along the Silk Road benefited the Roman and Han empires.
• Costs and Benefits of Free Trade and Globalization One of the benefits of free trade and globalization to participating countries is that it helps producers have access to international market. It is hard to discern the numerous benefits associated with free trade and […]
• The Importance of Air Transport to Global Trade The main purpose of this essay is to describe the importance of air transport in the global trading. It is because of air transport that goods can be transported from one part of the globe […]
• The Use of Incoterms in International Trade Incoterms regulates several issues related to the distribution of costs during the transportation of goods, determining the transfer of risks from the seller to the buyer, and fixing the time of goods delivery.
• Exchange-Rate System, International Trade and Currency Crises In the future market contracting parties agree to future exchanges of currencies and set applicable exchange rates in advance.
• Intellectual Property: Trade Marks Problem According to the American Bar Association, formation of this agency marked the beginning of actual protection of intellectual property by the law.
• Long-Distance Trade In Venice: 1500-1914 Being one of the most beautiful cities in the world that attracts the attention of a number of tourists, Venice is also considered as one of the main Italian cities the development of which defines […]
• The Number 1 General Trading: Company Analysis The Number 1 General Trading is an SME organization of the UAE and the political factors of the country are very influential agenda for the company to conduct its business smoothly in this territory.
• The Atlantic Slave Trade The author criticizes the historiography of the Dutch participation in the transatlantic slave trade by pointing out that the participation of the Dutch in this trade was not given the attention that it deserved.
• Trade Liberalization in International Trade The impacts of trade liberalization in these two countries were fairly positive compared to those in the two African countries, Zambia and Malawi.
• Honey’s History and Trade An analysis on the history of honey consumption reveals that its history has not only being long and mixed, honey has been used in the production of a variety of foods in the world over. […]
• Free Trade: An Ambiguous Phenomenon In the case of the latter, the advocacy for FT could be explained by the fact that economic integration is considered to be beneficial to the economic welfare of member countries and for the global […]
• How Can the UAE Eliminate Threats From Iran Through Trade and Investment in Russia? The recent established of the Russian Direct Investment Fund by Abu Dhabi and the plan for Russia to build an air hub in the UAE to deliver aid and knowledge to Africa is a great […]
• World Trade Organization: Facilitating Global Trade Amidst Challenges The WTO is an entity that is focused on harmonizing free trade across the world. The essay will highlight the initial goals of the organization as well as areas where it has had a positive impact.
• Critiquing WTO’s Treatment of Developing Countries The WTO has made significant efforts to establish a multilateral system of trade. However, this move has attracted anti-WTO protests among players in the global community.
• Shipping Container: The Transportation and Trading Industry Despite the adverse effects associated with shipping, it is important to recognize the benefits it brings and work towards finding ways to minimize its impact on the environment and communities.
• Online Illegal Drug Trading and Response to It With the rise of the global economy and the accessibility of the internet, it is now possible to build a solid and safe framework for counterfeit activities.
• The Heckscher-Ohlin Model’s Impact on Global Trade Patterns Moreover, the model is based on the assumption that nations around the globe share similar production technologies, the comparative advantages being differences in quantities and economization of production factors.
• Insider Trading SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) Violations In essence, the term refers to the practice of trading the stocks of a public company while possessing exclusive information about said stock.
• African Slave Trade and Its Components In the second component of slave trade, slaves were transported to West Indies from Africa they were sold at a profit.
• How the Africans Perceived the Transatlantic Slave Trade The theme of the development of Africa by Europeans is synonymous with the problem of the slave trade, and the colonialists took an active part in it.
• The Trade Relationship between Rising Action Bakery and Power Flour, LLC These participants will be interested in the benefits of acquiring Joe’s product, the price, the integration of supply into their chains, and the quality of the product.
• Women in the Plumbing Trade As a result, women might have several advantages in the hiring process in companies that want to restore the gender balance in the plumbing industry.
• Trade Relations Between Turkey and Russia The close economic ties between Turkey and Russia have benefited the Western Nations and the growth and development of the local economies of the two nations.
• Trade Policies for Developing Nations (Hungary) According to Vattai, Hungary is expected to experience a labor shortage due to the aging working population and the mismatch of skills in jobs.
• International Trade Systems: JBS S.A. Deep Dive Instead, JBS has a relatively standardized, high-quality approach to its products, maximizing the effects of economies of scale and aggressive pricing in global markets, which it is able to achieve by buying out or undercutting […]
• The Key Elements of the Slave Trade in Africa Before and throughout the transatlantic slave trade, slavery was a common practice in many West and Central African civilizations. This led to brutality and terror against enslaved people, which was unheard of in earlier times.
• International Trading Organizations: Impact on Growth of International Brands An example of such an organization is the is the World Trade Organization that was established specifically to monitor the international trade with the goal of liberalizing it. The fees that have to be paid […]
• Using Mathematics in Trading Metrics Strictly speaking, to get the derivative for a function, such as a time series, one needs to study the limit of the increment of that function to the increment of time, as shown in the […]
• COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on World Trade According to Azevedo, the World Trade Organization is developing strategic responses to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 on the economy, jobs, and people’s well-being.
• Aspects of Euro Trade Currency One of the reasons for selecting the Euro currency is that it is the second most purchased currency on the forex market after the USD and is also a key worldwide reserve currency.
• Wistron vs. Luxshare: US-China Trade War In that regard, Lin recognized an opportunity to advance iPhone production operations to India in a bid to shun the trade war.
• The “Hats and the Fur Trade” Article by J. F. Crean In order to support their analysis, the author refers to a 1765 French book by M.l’Abbe Nollet, in which the writer explores “the sources of raw materials, the methods of production, and the history of […]
• Shaping the Future of Trade and Economic Interdependence The different countries according to the World Economic Forum believe that the public and the private corporation are appreciating the global community.
• Trump’s Trade Dump: Agreement With China According to detractors, it is the sort of management trade policy that the U.S.has long opposed, particularly about China and its economic control.
• International Business: Estimating the Gains From Trade for America Research produced by the Institute for International Economics attempted to evaluate the benefits of free trade to the American economy. As such, according to the study, this issue is to be counterbalanced by more vigorous […]
• Chemical (Oil) Trading Among Countries This can lead to a decrease in the amount of capital available to the country, which can in turn lead to a decrease in economic growth.
• Children’s Sexual Exploitation, Trafficking, and Women Trading in the Modern World One of the main theses of the girl is that the place of birth of a child and his growing up really predetermines the risk of sexual abuse.
• Global Sourcing and International Trade On the other hand, the profitability paradox has adversely affected the reduction in profits due to the overstock of merchandise and the increased retail space development.
• Spoofing and Manipulative Trading Spoofing is the scheme of deceiving others on the market regarding the price and making them believe that the price is higher or lower.
• Overconfidence in the Trading Activity Context The scale of such decisions may vary according to the influence of the decision on a person’s life and emotional involvement.
• The Federal Trade Commission and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Five commissioners lead the FTC, which is divided into agencies such as the Bureau of Competition and the Bureau of Consumer Protection.
• Importance of Free Trade Agreements The essence of bilateral agreements is also to increase trade between countries, but the key feature is the presence of only two participants.
• Trade Secret and How It Differs From Trademark The unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure of such secret information in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices by others is regarded as an unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret protection.
• How Global Trade Has Enriched Cultures The author describes how the rulers of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties contributed to the cultural development of their countries.
• The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade In Western Africa The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300 1589 is a book by Toby Green that examines conditions in Iberia and West Africa in the 14th and 15th centuries that set the […]
• Economic, Productivity Growth, and Free Trade The article by Saleem et al.is closely connected to the topic of factors contributing to productivity growth as researchers explored the impact of innovation and total factor productivity in Pakistan’s economic environment.
• Global Trade in Europe and North America Therefore, the differences in geography contribute to the choice of the transportation systems and determine the speed of the local and global trade operations.
• Volkswagen Company’s Risk-Return Trade-Offs The analysis of absolute changes in the stock prices of the company demonstrates that it was highly volatile during the past year. In particular, the minimum price of Volkswagen’s stock was $154.
• Trans-Atlantic African Slave Trade When Portuguese sailors cruised in West Africa in the 1440s to hunt for wealth, spices, and friends in contrast to Muslims and the Ottoman Empire, the one who exacts Mediterranean Sea trade, the initial stages […]
• British Slave Trade and Role of Native Americans 3 Although the resistance that Native Americans demonstrated was beyond impressive and inspirational, the strategic advantage of the British colonists defined the outcome, leading to a spike in the British slave trade and the further […]
• International Trading in the Global Economy Globalization has prompted an expanding geospatial division of creation and utilization and, as a result, an uncommon removal of ecological and social effects through worldwide exchange. An enormous extent of all worldwide effects can be […]
• Ethics in the News: Issue of “Insider Trading” Furthermore, the utilitarian emphasis on the tenet of “maximum overall happiness”, and the Kantian “in principle right or wrong” are advanced as the core consideration in making the right decision in ethical dilemmas.
• Atlantic Slave Trade: Factual Information The Atlantic slave trade impacted the creation of the colonies in the Americas as the enslaved people were used as the main labor force.
• Free Trade in the Global Context To correct its image in the eyes of other developed countries and correct the past mistakes, the United States decided to implement the concept of free trade for the benefit of all market participants.
• West African Maritime Trade and Globalization Namely, the first half of the book comments on the language and vocabulary development, the reclaiming of myths in the post-colonial society and the Nigerian ethnicity.
• The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission The two organizations are essential for the economy of the United States and ensuring that merchants observe the rights of consumers.
• The Middle Passage in the History of American Slave Trade In the long term, the Middle Passage accounted for a significant number of Africans transported to North America, increasing the productivity of various businesses and further elevating the interest in the slave trade.
• Current Issues in Trade Development Trade is the exchange capital, goods and services across borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product(GDP).
• Anthropologist James Deetz and the Tobacco Trade He noticed that there was a variation in the size of the bore stems and thought to himself that maybe there is a correlation between the bore stem size to the year it was created […]
• Free-Trade Policies and Poverty Level in Bangladesh The purpose of this paper is to examine the way in which the end of the quota system and introduction of a free-trade system for the garment industry in Bangladesh has impacted on poverty in […]
• Trends in World Trade and Global Marketing Secondly, it is economic integration and free trade agreements formed by the foundation of the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the Eurasian Economic Community.
• Congressional Laws and Trading in Different States Wayfair, Inc.in which the prosecutor required out-of-state sellers to remit and also take the sales tax the same way as businesses with the same physical presence in the state.
• Slave Trade in America Analysis The abolition of slavery in American began during the revolutionary era, which led to the Civil war and the proclamation of Emancipation.
• Tariff Changes After Brexit in China-UK Trade Key areas of research that are relevant to this investigation include an investigation of tools and techniques associated with developmental research that applies to the research problem, defining the role of developmental research in understanding […]
• The Impacts of Regional Integration on Trade and Human Migrations in Central Africa: CEMAC Regional integration can be considered a method by which states enter into a bilateral and multilateral agreement to fulfill a common purpose.
• Trade Show as Expansion Tool in Biotechnology Industry The biotechnology sector is currently developing rapidly, and the demand for innovative products in this area is growing, which is especially relevant for the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
• The Plant Fungi Partnership — Benefits of Trade Aside from the direct benefits of nutrient exchange, the symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots demonstrates several indirect benefits.
• Free Trade Under Fire by Douglas Irwin Painting Review In the first part, the husband comes home with no food, money and poorly dressed as there are no opportunities to earn due to the dominance of free trade.
• Fair Trade Helping Coffee Growers This paper will discuss the symptoms and the precursors presented in the case and attempt to offer some recommendations. On the other hand, the movement threatens those not participating in it and only partially address […]
• Trade-Based Money Laundering The purpose of this paper is to research the subject of trade-based money laundering, its impact on global scene and export controls, identify types of trade finance techniques used to launder illegal money, and provide […]
• The Fair Trade System, the Socio-Economic Movement The Central Okanagan Foundation is a community foundation and, as a public foundation, it is devoted to improving people’s lives in the Central Okanagan.
• Position of “History of the Emirates: Trade” Film The film presents a detailed account of the Emirates with a specific focus on trade and the historical forces that shaped the country.
• Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Regulatory coherence – The difference in EU and US regulations jeopardized trade, and it needed to be addressed sooner. Therefore, the pact was expected to apply to the TTIP such that when a commodity meets […]
• Globalization. World Trade Organization This reduction in the size of the globe and increase in communication between the nations of the world is what I would call ‘globalization’.
• Valuation of Securities and Stock Trading The discussion on the asset allocation problem focuses on locating the minimum variance portfolio on the efficient frontier of the two assets. At the point of the minimum variance portfolio, the weight of the two […]
• Galleon Group’s Insider Trading Therefore, in this case, one can speak about complete irresponsibility and unwillingness to put oneself in the position of other people.
• Corporate Law: Antique Trade in Essex How can they minimize the risk to the assets to be transferred to the company should the business fail? What provisions should be included in the articles of association to ensure that Loraine and Brenda […]
• Trade-Based Money Laundering and Its Attractiveness The proliferation of the trade-based money laundering is directly related to the growing complexity of international trade systems, where new risks and vulnerabilities emerge and are seen as favorable among terrorist organizations seeking for the […]
• Long-Distance Trade and Western Sudanese Politics Thus, the trade routes acted as major contributors to the rise of the Ghana and Songhai kingdoms, making them dominant. The external trade in the Sahel and internal riverine trade along the Niger were sources […]
• Trading in Shares by Listing Trading in shares is regenerative in that once a company is listed in the stock market and made an entrance through an IPO-initial public offer, the shares would stay in the market circulating for as […]
• Contract and Agency Law: Restraint of Trade A typical restraint of trade clause on an employment contract will be: The employee agrees that he or she will not, after the termination of the employment contract with the employer, either directly or indirectly, […]
• The Impact of Trade Policy on Unemployment According to Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan, there is a strong link between trade and unemployment, and, therefore, adaptations of various trade policies are bound to impact unemployment indirectly. Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan note that there […]
• Trade Between USA and Taiwan The trend in the exchange rate of the US dollar against the Taiwanese dollar has been characterized by major fluctuations as shown in the graph below. 2100 against the US dollar and in the middle […]
• Benefits of Trade Liberalization Measures on Automobile Industry The US government has also implemented the Clean Air Act whose objective is to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases by the automotive industry. Adoption of such policies is likely to promote the growth of […]
• Illegal Trade at Stock Markets Given the experience of Neto in the stock market, he ought to have known that insider trading is illegal. Consequently, Neto should not have given out information of the customer knowing that the information was […]
• My Experiences of Trading in Dubai Financial Market This is possible in the realms of data entry, fluctuations in the value of traded securities, and other relevant provisions attainable in the process.
• China’s Accession to the World Trade Organization Compared to the decade before the accession to the WTO, the share of labor-intensive agricultural products in China’s total agricultural exports in the period of 2002 to 2005 increased by 4.
• Winnie Truong’s Solo Trade Fair: An Art Exhibition The characters in the drawing have a human feature; this is more-less a combination of the prehistoric and modern. Nevertheless, the gallery is augmented by modern digital information devices and designed to admit a variety […]
• Financing International Trade This paper investigates two main issues in exporting trade: the first is a probable explanation of the reason why an exporter would provide financing for an importer and whether there exists much risk in such […]
• Trade Groups Identifies Medical Device Makers Passing on Federal Tax If higher pricing is illegal in the context of the new taxation policy for all organizations and importers of medical devices, it implies that they need to look for alternative ways of recovering the costs.
• On the Conclusion of Trade Contracts This implies that one party should be willing to give the contract and the other party should be ready to take the contract.
• Introducing Automated Trading Systems: The Possible Outcomes in Saudi Arabia One of the most important methods that are increasingly being applied is the use of technology to update and automate trading systems, with an aim of taking the advantage of the existing and dynamic state […]
• Legal Context of Fashion and Design: Trade Dress This is one of the strategies that can often be adopted by designers to defend their rights in court. This is one of the points that can be made.
• Foreign Exchange Currency Trading During the January 24 to January 28, 2011 trading week, the bullish pressure of the Euro, which was enhanced by the investors’ confidence that the Euro Zone would tackle its debt crisis and Germany’s pledge […]
• Boilover: Fire Aspects of the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks Analysis These includes the intensity of the incident heat on the burning object, the composition of the burning fire, the ability of air that supports combustion to reach the burning fire, the mass of the burning […]
• Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights for Developing States This is in relation to pharmaceutical drugs and the flow of information to such countries. South Africa is a developing nation that has had a share of setbacks in implementing the TRIPS agreement.
• Trade Marks Act 1994 and Registration of Shapes The essay is a critical analysis of when a shape qualifies to be registered as a trademark under the Trade Marks Act 1994.
• Sex Trade in South Korea Around US Military Bases According to reports released in 2003 by the Korean Institute of Criminology and the Korean Feminist Association, hundreds of thousands of women in the country are involved in the sex trade.
• Japanese Trade Law: A Strategic Location in the World in Which to Invest the Business Bureaucracy is rampant in Japan and there is a dense network of business regulations and procedures in Japan, many of these business regulations and procedures that are found in Japan, in other places procedures and […]
• General Agreements on Trade Services (GATS) and International Issues Within the context of healthcare provision, the foreign commercial presence defines the supply of medical services to another country through a commercial presence.
• Illegal Tobacco Trade in Germany However, the legal aspects associated with it and the diverse sanctions to control the use of the product are what have given birth to the illegal aspect of it.
• The Role of the Federal Trade Commission IPAMG is a firm that is charged with the role of passing information about financial planning and investment. This is unfair competition and it lead to a penalty for the IPAMG.
• Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading 2008 This paper assesses the extent to which the implementation of the requirements of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive by Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 has resulted in the general duty for fair trade.[3] […]
• Insider Trading Effects on Enterprises The price that is quoted as the asking price for the securities is inclusive of the premium for the immediate buyers of the securities. Open capital refers to a concept where there is complete liberalization […]
• The Problem of Illegal Drug Trade One of the best approaches is the establishment of community justice programs that seek to identify the root cause of the problem and deal with it in the most appropriate way.
• “The Carbon Trading Truth: It Will Cost Jobs” by Pascoe The author is, however, doubting the seriousness of the planned carbon reduction since no one in Australia has proposed serious green gas reduction which would in effect assuring everybody not to worry yet about the […]
• Slave Trade as Part of Atlantic Commerce However, from the beginning of the establishment of the Atlantic Trade and throughout its existence, the Africans were the voluntary sellers of their people.
• Cross-Cultural Trade’s Contribution to the American History The tribes with the newest and the most technologically advanced iron tools contributed to diminishing the other tribes’ population and minimizing local social and cultural diversity.
• Implications of the US-China Trade War on Luxembourg and Saudi Arabia Nevertheless, the warring countries’ major trade partners, as is the case with Luxembourg and Saudi Arabia, are equally exposed to the risk of unintended implications because of the delicate nature of global supply and revenue […]
• The Colonial Trade and Slave Entrepreneurship The significance of the Akan Drum can be examined in the political and economic context of the colonisation, slave trade and slavery in the Americas.
• International Trade Simulation Assignment The present paper analyzes the effects of tariffs imposed on Chinese manufactures of tires, steel, and aluminum in the US. The idea behind the new policy was to protect the jobs of tire manufacturers in […]
• Contemporary Systematic Trading Industry The contemporary sphere of systematic trading is a dynamic environment that is influenced by emerging trends in the financial industry and responds to changes in the political, economic, and social sectors.
• Political Risk Management in Foreign Trade Political risks in foreign trade refers to factors that are politically instigated by governments of various trading nations that hinder trading, affect running of business or make investing in these countries difficult or risky.
• International Trade: Cooperation or Hegemony It should be stated from the outset that greater openness, in the true sense of a state, succeeds in exposing the domestic economy and social stability of a state to negative factors in the global […]
• Canada-China Trade Relations and Agreements Additionally, education is cited as one of the major areas that form the pillars of economic cooperation between Canada and China. In the case of China and Canada, the trade is currently skewed in favor […]
• Transatlantic Slave Trade and Colonial Chesapeake Slavery Most of the West African slaves worked across the Chesapeake plantation. This paper will explore the various conditions and adaptations that the African slaves acquired while working in the Chesapeake plantation.
• Slave Trade History: “The Life of Olaudah Equiano” Many of the Africans, whom the white people had as slaves, were stolen from their families and were cruelly treated during the transportation.
• The World Trade Supranational Organization The organization certifies international trade agreements and policies, which supervise the trade of services, goods, and intellectual property. First, the candidate country presents an application to the WTO working committee comprising of its economic and […]
• Trade Shows and Regional Economic Environment The increase in the number of trade fairs and exhibitions shows the importance of these activities in improving the activities of various sectors.
• Dollar Depreciation and Trade Deficit in the USA This paper seeks to prove that the trade deficit in the US cannot be reduced by a fall in the dollar value.
• The Trade in Data as Business The trade in data has in the recent past become a booming business considering the fact that it runs unregulated and it is done without the consent of the victims.
• Trading Situation of American and Belgian Traders To advise on the trading situation, it is essential to examine all the risks and the possible benefit for the importer.
• Trade Protectionism in the US, Europe, and the UAE In terms of general understanding of the notion, there is a great difference between the protectionist strategies in the US and European communities and the United Arab Emirates, which mainly consists in closing markets for […]
• Congress of South African Trade Unions and Its Policies in 1985-1994 Owing to the political strategies forged in the first decade of its establishment, COSATU continued to exert influence within the ANC alliance and significantly boosted the rising of black business.
• Water Policy: The Impacts of Water Trading The introduction of water policy according to a study by Edwards and Cheers limits the water rights of the farmers in Kerang immensely contributing to the deteriorating agricultural prospects in this region.
• The Influence of Internet Trade on Electronics Buying Behaviour This proposal is a detailed study of the influence of internet trade on electronics buying behavior among consumers in the United Kingdom where it will consider the effects and the opportunities for business expansion and […]
• Global Trade Negotiations and It’s Importance in Business Negotiation in business may involve settling disputes related to contract basis, terms and conditions applying to the particular established contract that bond the business administration and the consultant, a more detrimental coalition between two closely […]
• Martha Stewart: An Accusation of Insider Trading
• Trade Restrictions on Earths Stones
• China and Africa: International Trade
• Globalization in Eastern Europe: Foreign Investments and International Trade
• Confrontation Between Big Companies and Free Trade
• The European Communities and Free Trade Economy
• Employee’s Duties and Restraint of Trade
• The United States-Australia Trade Relationship
• India and Pan-Asian Trade Agreement
• India for Pan-Asian Trade Agreement
• The International Trading System: The Main Principles
• Understanding the Evolution of Trade Deficits
• Columbian Exchange, Age of Discovery and Atlantic Slave Trade
• The Chicago Board of Trade
• US Trading Process Analysis
• The US-Brazil Ethanol Tariff Trade Dispute
• Has ‘Free Trade’ as a Matter of Public Policy Undermined the Role of the Canadian State?
• WTO’s Role of Ensuring Smooth, Predictable and Free Flow of Trade
• Environmental Policies and Trade Liberation
• Trade Barriers Assessment in Canada
• PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm’s International Trade Skills
• The Influence of Trade Union Organizations
• Hecksher-Ohlin Theory and Today’s World Trade
• Slave Trade in Africa and Europe Before and After 1550
• Shell Transport and Trading Company: Overview
• Trading Problems in Developing Economies
• Pablo Escobar and Cocaine Trade in Colombia
• Conflict Management Challenges in Trade Unions
• Derivatives Trading and Hedging
• International Trade of Peterson Advocates in Australia
• Gender and Trade as a Reflection of the Socio-Economic Development of Modern Society
• North American Free Trade Agreement: Achievements and Failures
• “Oil Price Surge Widens US Trade Gap” by Daniel Pimlott: Article Analysis
• Influence of the GATS on International Trade in Health Services
• Role of Foreign Private Clinics and International Trade
• Telemedicine: Evolution Today of This Form of Trade With Development of IT and E-Commerce
• Trade Unions and Their Effect on Employees Salaries
• Virtual Trading From End-to-End Websites
• Suggestions on How the World Trade Organization Could Rule in the Issue of Geographical Indications
• Role of Trade Unions in Canadian Companies
• World Trade as the Adjustment Mechanism of Agriculture to Climate Change by Julia & Duchin
• Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Board of Trade Merger
• The Fomation and Development of Trade Unions
• Trade Agreements and Trans-Border Flows of Labor
• Supply Chain Management and Trading System Definition
• Sulfur Dioxide Market Trading Program
• North American Free Trade Agreement and Its Dynamics
• Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, and Trade Secrets
• Carbon Trading for Aviation and Regulations
• Trade Policy for Businesses or Consumers?
• Banana Dispute: World Trade Organization vs. European Union
• The United States and South Africa’s Trade Row
• Shipping Trade and Finance Course and Experiences
• Effects of Trade Liberalization in Latin America
• Transatlantic Slave Trade
• Free Trade and Economic Development in Kenya
• “Global Experience at Work” and “Light Rail Trade Show”
• Wood Trade and Microeconomics
• Firm-Based Trade Theories
• Impact of Cultural Differences in International Trade
• Value of International Trade
• Economic Analysis of Trade and Labor
• Trading Market’s Economic Analysis
• Small Business: Trade Contracts and Micro-Purchases
• Countries’ Benefits from International Trade
• Protectionism and Free Trade System
• Doha Round and Its Role for Trade Negotiations
• Anti-Corruption Efforts in Trading With China
• American-South Korean Trade Agreement
• Free Trade: “Bad Samaritans” by Chang
• Trade Patterns in the Wider World
• Women in Trade Unions in India
• Trade and Policy: Main Aspects
• Sino-American Trade War in 2018
• Mortgage-Backed Securities and Derivatives Trading
• Absolute Advantage Theory in the Trading Process
• Opium Trade Morality From Political Perspective
• Opium Trade, Opium War and Its Morality in History
• Trump’s Trade Restrictions and International Mechanisms
• Stochastic Oscillator Trading Method
• Free Trade and Global Economy
• Legalization of the Ivory Trade
• International Trade and Migration Gains
• The Australian Trade and Tariff Industry
• Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Trade and Economics
• Southeast and International Trade in Asian History
• Free Trade Agreement in Malaysian Beef Industry
• The Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement
• Amazon Company’s International Trade
• Globalization and International Trade
• International Trade: Import and Export
• Trade With Cuba: Benefits and Drawbacks
• Starbucks Company’s Position on Fair Trade
• Mexican Trucking and Free Trade Agreement
• Turkey-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Oil Trade
• North American Free Trade Agreement’s Influence
• Mexican Economy and North American Free Trade Agreement
• Old World Long-Distance Trade and Globalization
• European Union vs. North American Free Trade Zone
• The US, Canada and Mexico’s Free Trade Agreement
• Slave Trade’s Impact on the Black Experience
• Multi-Pak USA Inc.’s Trading Information
• Currency Fluctuations and International Trade
• India’s Economic Progress and Trade
• The Mongol Empire, Its Culture, Trade, Religion
• Thailand-US International Trade and Labor Laws
• Slave Trade in North America and Antony Johnson’s Story
• Amcor Limited: Legal Aspect of International Trade
• Bitcoin and US-China Trade Relationship
• Slave Voyages and Trade Seasonality
• Environmental Factors in the Global Market Trade
• The Trade Commission’s Organization and Management
• Bagby Copy Company’s Trade-Offs and Decisions
• The United Arab Emirates-Argentina Trade Relations
• Piracy Problem and Its Effects on World Trade
• The Atlantic Slave Trade Functioning
• Trade and Legal Risks to Businesses in the UAE
• UK Business and Trade Environment
• Russia as a World Trade Organization Member
• EU Trade Barrier Impact on the UAE Economy
• The London Whale’s Trading Strategy and Failure
• Foreign Exchange Market and Trading Issues
• The Dubai World Trade Centre: Services and Management
• The Amazon Strike and German Trade Union Culture
• Canada and Colombia’ Coffee Trade
• Free Trade vs Protection: the UAE Market
• US Business, Trade Deficit and Balance of Payments
• General Agreement on Tariff and Trade: Influences
• Political Economy of Trading States
• International Trade: Haiti’ Advantages and Disadvantages
• The Heckscher-Ohlin Model: Trade, Growth and Convergence
• Regional Geography After Colonization and Slave Trade
• Organ Trade: Legal Position and Crime
• Balance of Trade: Global Markets and Competition
• History of the Indians in the Fur Trade of Canada
• Dubai Model: Trade and Tourism in the UAE
• South Africa: International Agribusiness, Trade and Financing
• Trade Unions’ Importance in Workplaces
• Ministry of International Trade and Industry Role in Japan
• Valero Energy Company: International Trade and Finance
• The World Trade Organisation Challenges
• International Trade Policies’ Major Controversies
• Mills Trading: Governance Issues in a Family Business
• Dubai World Trade Center: International Relations and Infrastructure Development
• Trade: U.S. Antidumping Duties on Washing Machines
• The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• Slavery and the Abolition of Slave Trade
• The Cap-and-Trade Regulation Laws
• Business-Government Trade Relations
• The Trend in America’s International Trade
• The Far East Trading Company Financial Reporting
• Impacts of Slavery and Slave Trade in Africa
• The Fair Trade Movement and Its Socioeconomic Influences
• The Fair Trade Concept
• Trade Liberalization: Public Concerns and Comparative Advantage
• Global Food Trade’s Benefits
• Free Trade Agreement Colombia and USA
• Saudi Arabia’ Trade and Business Practices
• Trade Economics in “Periplus of the Erythraean Sea” by Seland
• Workplace Dynamics in Dubai Trade: A Survey
• Regional Trade Agreements
• Fair Trade US organization
• How Does Foreign Trade Impact on The US Economy?
• Sustainability and Trends of the Global Trade Imbalance
• Origin of Trade Preferences
• Foreign Trade Zone: Legal Issues and Implications
• Negotiations in International Trade and Politics
• The World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Problems of Insider Trading
• U.S. Seal MFG Exhibiting at the WEFTEC Trade Show
• World Trade Organization vs. USA on the Byrd Amendment
• Cultural Differences and Ethics of International Trading
• International Trade Policy: Fair or Free?
• Trade and Economic Policy Reform in United Kingdom
• Teaching Content Through Literature and Technology: Trade Books
• Automobile Trade, Tariffs or Quotas
• Trade Complementarities between South Korea and Vietnam
• Trading Between and Within Markets For Electricity, Gas and Carbon
• Sustainability of Trade Relationship Between EU and China
• International Trade and Logistics of Ford Motor Company
• Ethical and Legal Implications of Insider Trading
• Colonisation and Drug Trade
• Uses of Currency Hedging in International Trade
• North American Free Trade Agreement and the EU
• “The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade” by Robert Harms
• Containerisation, International Transportation and Trade
• Impacts of China’s Economy on the Global Trade
• RFID in Food Industry and Global Trading Patterns
• Credit Letters in International Trade
• International Marketing – Skyland Trading Company
• World Trade Organization: Regulations and Contracts between Countries
• China & India: Theories of International Trade
• Major Trade Routes of the Post-Classical World
• The Issue of Global Trade Imbalances in the US and China
• World Trade Organization: Tariffs and Trade
• The Impact of U.S. Trade Embargo on Cuba Tourism
• Is International Trade a Zero Sum Game?
• Cap and Trade Regulation
• Antitrust and Unfair Trade Practices: The Dynamic Corporate Environment
• International Trade – Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and Code
• World Trade Organization and Globalization
• North American Free Trade
• Insider Trading in Tokyo and Its Regulation
• Canada and Her Trading Partners
• Volcker Rule in Trade
• Healthcare Administration: Foreign Trade Commission
• Multilateral Trade Liberalization Versus Regional Agreements: Charting the Way Forward
• Trade in Human Organs across Borders
• Managing Openness: International Trade Data and Analysis
• Factors That Influence Exchange Rates
• Foreign Trade Between UAE and Japan
• The Role of Sea Power in International Trade
• The Impacts of FDIs and Trade to the Asian Pacific Regions
• Exporting Business and Trade Concept: Crystal International Corp.
• “5 Simple Tips for Successful Stock Trading” by Richard Band
• Dubai Economic Policy on International Trade
• Political Economy of International Trade
• Relationship Between WTO and the Regional Trade Organizations
• International Trade: Foreign Exchange and Global Finance
• Review: “World Trade Center” by Oliver Stone
• Concept of Globalization and Its Impact on the International Trading Order
• Political Regulation of the International Trade
• The Current State of Australia-Japan Trading Relations
• International Trade in Nigeria
• Fair Trade as an Alternative to Free Trade
• Martha Stewart’s Insider Trading Scandal
• Summary: “Trade Protectionism Rises as Economies Slow” by Sudeep Reddy
• Relationship between Trade and Development
• Cultural Diversity in International Trade and International Business Management Through Globalization
• The Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Mutual Fund Performance
• International Trade as a Contributor to a Peaceful Existence of Nations
• International Microeconomics Trade Dispute: US-China dispute on Exportation of Raw Materials
• The Concept of Global Trade Imbalance as a Policy Issue
• E-Business Plan: Old and Used Books Trade
• Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Tournament Behavior of Mutual Fund Managers
• EU Trade and Sustainable Development
• The Effects of Domestic Slave Trade and Women Exploitation on the Enslaved Families
• Changing Patterns of International Trade With London
• Emissions Trading System
• Role of Trade Unions in 2011
• Trade Unions in Employment Relations
• International Trade and Investment
• Impact of Free Trade in Developing Countries
• The World Trade Center
• Organized Crime in Labor and Drug Trade
• The Law of Comparative Advantage Forms the Basis of International Trade
• World Trade Organization Regulations
• The International Arms Trade
• Trade Reform, Adjustment, and Growth
• Debate: How U.S. Economy Benefit from International Trade
• International Trading and Cultural Differences
• Open Economy: International Trade and Finance
• The Opium Trade: Why Did It Flourished in 19th Century China
• The Role of Trade Unions in 2011
• European Union Emissions Trade Scheme
• Trade Barriers: Arguments For and Against
• Trade Unions Network History and Structure
• How Exchange Rates Have an Impact on International Trade
• Politics of Subsidies and World Trade
• The US-China Economic and Business Relations
• Insider Trading Impact on Markets
• A Comparative Perspective: African Slave Trade and Spanish Rule in Peru
• Kicking Away the Ladder: The “Real” History of Free Trade
• Eurasian Region: Developing Global Trade
• The Federal Trade Commission Act
• The Concepts of Free and Fair Trade
• Concepts of Free and Fair Trade and the Existing Differences Between the Two
• The Achievements of World Trade Organization
• The Division of Foreign Trade and Export Support in Abu Dhabi
• Understanding of the World Trade Organization
• The Role of the International Investment in Global Trade
• Marketing and Finance: Trade Effect on Brazilian Companies
• Slave Trade Begins in America at Santo Domingo
• The Atlantic Slave Trade: Causes, Operation, and Effects
• Barriers to International Trade and Economic Development in Africa
• The Absolute Advantage Cost Theory
• The International Free Trade in NAFTA Countries
• Strategies and Competition in the Marketing Environment
• Relation between International Trade and World Output
• Perlman, Selig. A History of Trade Unionism in the United States
• The East African Trade (EAC) Agreement Among Uganda, the Republic of Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya
• Trade Blocs in Global Economy
• Impact of the Product Differentiation on Free Trade
• Atlantic Slave Trade: Catalyst of the Industrial Revolution?
• Do Countries Benefit From International Trade?
• What Is a Trade Union Membership?
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Fair Enough? Big Business Embraces Fair Trade
• Trade Liberalization Effects on Latin America
• Impact of Trade Liberalization
• Columbian Exchange: The Europe-India Trade
• Trade of Coffee and Gold
• Softwood Lumber Trading Between Canada and US
• Development of the Atlantic Trade Triangle a Colonial Capitalism (Mercantilism)
• International Trade Between China and Africa
• Trade Between Taiwan and Japan
• Unethical Trade Behavior: Poor Quality Exports
• Slavery, Racism, and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
• General Motors Company Trading Environment
• World Publics Welcome Global Trade – But Not Immigration
• International Trade and Investments
• How Successful Has Been European Free Trade Zone
• International Trade and Supply Chain: The Foster Group Example
• International Trade: Pros and Cons of Dependency Between Countries
• International Trade Advantages and Limitations
• Can Pollution Rights Trading Effectively Control Environmental Problems?
• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade History
• Trading Symbol From NYSE
• What Was the First Trade in History and How Did It Happen?
• Are Trade Barriers Ever Acceptable?
• Can Countries Avoid the Inevitable Trade-Off?
• Does Trade Promote Growth in Developing?
• What Were the Four Main Trade Routes?
• Who Started International Trade?
• Does WTO Actually Promote World Trade?
• How Did Trade Affect the Environment?
• Who Is the Father of Terms of Trade?
• How Should Employers Deal With Trade Unions?
• What Were the Cultural Impacts of Trade?
• What Factors Affect Business or Trade Policy?
• How Did Trade Spread Culture?
• Will Tire Tariffs Launch a Trade Dispute?
• What Are the Four Influences on International Trade?
• How Was Trade Done in the Olden Days?
• Why China Seek Regional Free Trade Agreements?
• Why Canada Entered Into Trade Agreement With the United States?
• Why Is Trade Important in Globalization?
• How Many Types of Trade Are There?
• What Strategies Have Trade Unions Been Adopting?
• How the Cuba Policy Affected Trade With the U.S. Today?
• How Did Venice Become a Trade Empire?
• What Is Global Trade Data?
• What Are the Two Types of Analysis in Trading?
• Bureaucracy Paper Topics
• Cryptocurrency Essay Ideas
• Franchising Essay Topics
• Manufacturing Essay Topics
• Retailing Essay Titles
• Wall Street Questions
• Monopoly Essay Topics
• World Trade Organization Questions
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Foreign and International Law: Topics: International Trade

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Topics in Foreign and International Law

• Reference--General Sources
• ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Economic Law Prepared by Jean Wenger, Government Documents/Foreign & International Law Librarian Cook County Law Library.
• Global Affairs Canada News releases, statements and publications, Canadian embassies and missions, foreign affairs and policy, international business development, and international cultural relations.
• CISG-France Professor Claude Witz, Saarbrücken University: Application of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods by French jurisdiction, including Cour de Cassation, Cour d'appel, and Tribunal de commerce decisions. In French.
• Directory of Economic, Commodity and Development Organizations Address, telephone listings, and description of international and regional organizations. Produced by the staff of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
• From GATT to the WTO and Beyond: Research Guide
• G8 Information Centre - University of Toronto Background information on the G8, document texts from G8 Summit Meetings, G8 Ministerial Meetings, and scholarly publications.
• GATT Digital Archive Contains materials from 1947 to 1994.
• Global Sales Law Concentrates on the law of Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
• Guide on the Harmonization of International Commercial Law On GlobaLex. By Duncan Alford (2012).
• Guide to International Trade Law Sources on the Internet By Marci Hoffman.
• International Chamber of Commerce Select Business Policy Texts link for International Court of Arbitration and related rules, and the text of ICC public documents. Links for global business issues, the International Court of Arbitration, conferences and ICC publications.
• Lex Mercatoria From the University of Tromsoe, Norway, and Pace University School of Law Rich source of treaties and other primary documents in international trade law. Formerly the 'International Trade Law Monitor.'
• Organization of American States - Trade Unit Links to official sources of trade and investment information, full- text of bilateral investment treaties and trade agreements between countries in Western Hemisphere, quantitative data, and articles and opinions on trade in the Western Hemisphere.
• Regional Trade Agreements in Africa: A Historical and Bibliographic Account of ECOWAS and CEMAC By Victor Essien (2014).
• Research Guide on the Trading Systems in the Asian-Pacific Region: APEC, ASEAN and their Members On GlobaLex. By Chenglin Liu (2010), with update by Wilhelmina Randtke (2014).
• Trade Compliance Center From the U.S. Department of Commerce. Contains trade agreement database and market access database. The international trade agreements include WIPO, NAFTA and WTO documents, and bilateral trade agreements and protocols. The market access database provides for each country one or more of the following: commercial guide, country reports on economic policy and trade practices, national trade estimate reports, trade policy review summaries.
• U.N. Convention for the International Sale of Goods - Pace University Searchable CISG text, case law, bibliography, list of contracting states, UNCITRAL outline, and thesaurus of international trade keywords.
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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Empirical evidence on the impact of the "new round" of Sino-US trade frictions on China’s foreign trade industrial policy and high-quality development

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Economics & Management, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation School of Management and Economics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China

• He Leihua, 

• Published: October 2, 2024
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458
• Peer Review
• Reader Comments

The global attention on industrial policy’s effectiveness spans across various sectors, particularly in international trade where the focus is on enhancing the quality of foreign trade, which is crucial to understand how research hotspots and key issues can synergize. We consider the 2018 "new round" of Sino-US trade friction as an external event and analyze panel data from 2009 to 2022 comprising 1141 Chinese A-share listed enterprises. Our empirical research unequivocally demonstrates that industrial policy has significantly propelled China’s foreign trade towards high-quality development by 1.8240%. We conducted rigorous tests for robustness, heterogeneity, and endogeneity. Additionally, our results reveal that inhibitory influences arising from industrial policy on total assets or R&D investment attenuate this promotion effect; There exists a diminishing promotion effect between total assets and R&D investment. Our paper provides valuable insights into understanding their logical relationship while offering guidance for enterprises, markets, and governments in overcoming challenges collectively.

Citation: Leihua H, Fan S (2024) Empirical evidence on the impact of the "new round" of Sino-US trade frictions on China’s foreign trade industrial policy and high-quality development. PLoS ONE 19(10): e0309458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458

Editor: Guangnian Xiao, Shanghai Maritime University, CHINA

Received: July 4, 2024; Accepted: August 13, 2024; Published: October 2, 2024

Copyright: © 2024 Leihua, Fan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: The data used in the paper are available in public databases,the data in the article come from the Statistical Yearbook on the official website of the China Bureau of Statistics at https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/ .

Funding: Fund project: This research was supported by the project "Industrial Logic of High-quality Development of China's Foreign Trade under New Trade Protection" (L.H.; 20FJLB008) of the National Social Science Foundation and University-level project "Research on the Trade Protection Effect of China's Industrial Policy under Market Forces" (F.S.; NCWUYC-202315041). Author Contributions (The funders are also the authors of this article, so their contributions are consistent, namely as follows.) Conceptualization:He Leihua, Sun Fan. Formal analysis: Sun Fan. Investigation: He Leihua. Methodology: He Leihua, Sun Fan. Writing – original draft: He Leihua, Sun Fan. Writing – review & editing: He Leihua, Sun Fan.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

1. Introduction

China’s "14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of High-quality Foreign Trade" clearly states that by 2035, there will be a remarkable advancement towards high-quality development in foreign trade. This includes optimizing the structure of trade, achieving a more balanced import-export ratio, significantly enhancing innovation capacity, making positive progress in green and low-carbon transformation, improving security guarantee capabilities, and gaining new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition [ 1 ]. Throughout the past forty years, China has actively participated in global value chains and engaged in the international division of labor by leveraging its labor force and natural resources [ 2 ]. However, recent years have seen Western nations led by the United States adopting economic strategies such as "decoupling" and "de-risking," driven by anti-globalization sentiments. These policies have undermined political trust between China and the United States while further intensifying strained economic and trade relations. Consequently, they have also introduced significant uncertainties to the global economy.

Industrial policy is a government-developed and implemented policy framework aimed at promoting the growth of specific industries or economic sectors within a country or region, enhancing their competitiveness, increasing productivity, generating employment opportunities, and achieving objectives of economic growth and development [ 3 , 4 ]. However, industrial policy can be subject to controversy due to potential issues arising from government intervention in the market such as unfair competition, uneven resource allocation, and challenges in policy implementation [ 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, this study investigates the effectiveness of industrial policy for facilitating high-quality development in China’s foreign trade by examining its efficacy under the backdrop of the recent Sino-US trade friction in 2018. Additionally, it explores when industrial policy proves effective and suggests strategies for maximizing its effectiveness.

The existing literature has given some answers to the appeal question. First of all, how to scientifically and quantitatively evaluate the index of industrial policy, the existing research mainly includes the following three aspects: First, industrial policy is processed in the way of dummy variables, that is, after a policy is assigned a value of 1 in the current year and after that, and after a policy is assigned a value of 0 before that, the relevant model is analyzed [ 7 – 9 ]. However, this measurement method makes the quantitative evaluation of the specific effects of industrial policy extremely rough, and cannot clearly answer the question of when and how industrial policy is effective; Second, use Python software to capture the text of relevant documents such as enterprise annual reports and five-year plans, and then construct industrial policy indicators according to relevant word frequency [ 10 – 12 ], but this measurement method is extremely strict in the selection of related words, and the description of industrial policy by using texts such as "five-year plan" reflects more prior measurement; Third, selective industrial policies are also described in terms of financial subsidies and tax incentives issued by the government to enterprises [ 13 – 15 ], considering that it is necessary to quantitatively analyze the impact of industrial policy and its implementation under the new round of Sino-US trade friction, this paper continues to use the last method to characterize industrial policy indicators based on government macro-level measures such as taxation and subsidies [ 16 ], which makes the paper more accurate in the use of data. At the same time, it also shows the characteristics of the combination of macro government and micro enterprises.

Secondly, within the context of recent Sino-US trade friction, various methods have been employed to showcase the high-quality development of foreign trade. One method involves analyzing the import and export ratio as discussed by Zhang Yan and Fu Xin (2022) and Jidong et al.,9 (2022) [ 17 , 18 ]. Another perspective considers total factor productivity (TFP) as an indicator for representing high-quality development in foreign trade, highlighted in studies by Song Min et al., (2021) and Huan (2021) [ 19 , 20 ]. A third approach involves assessing word frequency related to innovation, coordination, green practices, openness, and sharing. This method proposed by Alschner et al., (2018) and Zhao Jingmei et al., (2023) [ 21 , 22 ], aims to capture the essence of high-quality development in foreign trade. Given the maturity of TFP method in constructing indicators for high-quality development in foreign trade which enables a more nuanced reflection of enterprise data at micro level, this paper opts for OP method based on TFP to construct these indicators. Additionally, to ensure robustness analysis, the text mining method applied to enterprise annual reports is employed to construct supplementary indicators.This dual-method approach enhances reliability and comprehensive understanding towards high quality development from both macro-level perspective as well as micro-level perspective.

Moreover, from the perspective of theoretical research, With the deepening of economic globalization and the trade friction between China and the US, As the largest developing country in the world, China, The influence effect of the issued industrial policy on the development of foreign trade has gradually become the focus of attention, Scholars mainly analyze the impact of industrial policy on the high-quality development of foreign trade from the models of local equilibrium, general equilibrium and evolutionary game, For example, Tan Linyuan and Li Xiande (2022) by building a local equilibrium model, including multiple agricultural industries [ 23 ]. To simulate and predict the impact of the increase on the demand and supply of domestic barley industry. The results indicate an increase in import duties on barley, Domestic barley prices and planting area have increased, Protecting the domestic barley industry, Reducing international exports; Shikar et al., (2021) constructed a general equilibrium model in order to study the relationship between industrial policy and the economic development in the Oromia region [ 24 ]. Anticipate the impact of industrial policy, And research shows that industrial policy will have the biggest impact on manufactured goods exports. The continent is trying to create jobs through structural transformation catch-up. To realize the economic development of the Oromia region; Yan Zhenkun and Liu Yifang (2023) Based on the evolutionary game model between the central government, the pioneering local government and the follow-up local government [ 25 ]. It is concluded that the tax rate policy of the central government, the investment in local competitive industries, the degree of opening to the outside world, the degree of support of the pioneering local government to the local emerging industries and the understanding of the local government in the region are important factors affecting the consistency of the strategic goals of governments at all levels. However, these models do not clearly describe the mechanism of industrial policy affecting the high-quality development of foreign trade, but simply explain the effect of industrial policy.

Finally, Empirical research has established the significant impact of industrial policy on promoting high-quality development in foreign trade, with scholars recognizing its scale and innovation. For instance, Xiaolin (2021) found that increased government subsidies to energy enterprises in China lead to higher fixed assets and R&D investments but may reduce the efficiency of OFDI [ 26 ]. Jiang Yun and Li Wei (2023) discovered that intensifying agricultural subsidy policies directly increases exporters’ income and indirectly raises importers’ income [ 27 ]. Wang et al., (2020) demonstrated that augmenting subsidies or tax incentives for both state-owned and non-state-owned environmental protection enterprises by the government contributes to technological innovation and enhances enterprise-level foreign trade development [ 28 ]. Zhang Wenqing et al., (2023) revealed that increasing government subsidies stimulates green technology innovation within enterprises while promoting their foreign trade development [ 29 ]. However, further clarification is required regarding the specific effects of these two aspects of industrial policy on achieving high-quality development in foreign trade, as well as determining which measures are more effective for enhancing foreign trade development. This will provide better insights into when and how industrial policy can be effectively implemented.

Based on the potential marginal contributions of this paper, three key points can be outlined as follows: Firstly, an examination is conducted on the effectiveness of macro-level industrial policies by utilizing micro-level data from 1141 A-share listed enterprises spanning from 2009 to 2022. This approach enhances the credibility of the research findings since it relies on a robust dataset consisting of A-share listed entities. Secondly, a more comprehensive perspective on the impact of industrial policy on high-quality foreign trade development is provided by extending the analysis to encompass various types of enterprises. By acknowledging and considering variations across different enterprise types, this inclusive approach contributes to a nuanced understanding of the subject matter. Thirdly, in order to deduce how industrial policy influences China’s foreign trade development towards higher quality, a theoretical analysis mechanism is employed. This theoretical foundation serves as a reliable framework for subsequent empirical analysis and interpretation validation of observed outcomes.

2. "New round" of Sino-US trade friction

2.1. origin of friction.

The year 2018 witnessed a transformative juncture in Sino-US trade relations, marked by a sequence of consequential events [ 30 ]. In the beginning of 2018, President Donald Trump initiated tariffs on steel and aluminum products, with a rate of 25 percent for steel and 10 percent for aluminum, specifically focusing on imported goods. This measure not only evoked vehement opposition from certain allies but also laid the groundwork for the subsequent evolution of Sino-US trade disputes. Subsequently, in March, the United States initiated a Section 301 investigation against China, alleging unfair trade practices encompassing forced technology transfer and intellectual property theft. Reactive to this, the United States proclaimed 25 percent tariffs on approximately $50 billion worth of Chinese goods, with a focus on high-tech and industrial manufacturing products.The escalation of trade tensions reached a zenith in July when China retaliated with tariffs on US goods, intensifying a trade war characterized by the gradual imposition of tariffs and other trade restrictions by both sides. Despite reaching a phase one trade agreement in late 2018, its implementation did not commence until January 2019. Under the terms of the agreement, China committed to augmenting its purchases of U.S. goods, enhancing the protection of intellectual property rights, and undertaking specific market access commitments. In response, the United States deferred the implementation of certain planned tariffs initially scheduled for December 2019. This sequence of events not only altered the dynamics of trade relations between China and the United States but also exerted a profound influence on the global economy.

2.2. Cause of friction

The aforementioned issue persisted over an extended duration, primarily evident in the trade disparity.The United States has long been concerned about the trade deficit with China. Although China has long been one of the United States’ most important trading partners, the United States views the trade relationship as unfair, especially since China exports far more to the United States than the United States exports to China. This has led the US government to try to reduce the trade deficit through trade instruments; Second, intellectual property issues loom large as another central factor. The United States claims that China takes unfair measures in technology transfer and intellectual property rights, accusing China of obtaining technology through forced technology transfer, patent infringement and theft of trade secrets, thereby harming the interests of American companies. This issue has become the core of the trade war dispute, involving concerns about the technological and innovative competitiveness of both sides; Moreover, the market access issue highlights dissatisfaction with China’s barriers to market access for foreign companies. The United States has complained that China uses restrictive regulations and administrative measures that impede market access for foreign companies. The United States urges China to open more sectors and reduce restrictions on foreign investment in order to promote fairer market access. Finally, industrial policy issues have attracted attention, particularly U.S. concerns about China’s "Made in China 2025" plan. The plan aims to upgrade Chinese industries from low to high value-added, but the United States is concerned that it could distort the market through state subsidies and other means, giving Chinese companies an unfair competitive advantage. The administration also highlighted a range of issues related to economic security, including control of critical technologies and investment in sensitive areas, reflecting concerns about technology leaks and national security threats.

2.3. Friction effect

Within a relatively concise timeframe, China has achieved the industrialization process that took the West two centuries to complete, and the rise and development of small, medium and micro enterprises have contributed significantly to this success. However, it is worth noting that in 2018, China’s exports to the United States were subjected to high tariffs, resulting in some enterprises being forced to relocate production capacity to other countries in order to reduce export costs. In this context, some multinational companies and countries began to actively advocate the localization, diversification and inshore of the industrial chain and supply chain, in order to effectively deal with the impact of unpredictable extreme events on the industry, to ensure the normal operation of enterprises and promote the steady development of the industry. In recent years, Chinese enterprises have faced serious business challenges, especially small and medium-sized enterprises. According to data from the 2022 China Enterprise Innovation and Entrepreneurship Survey (ESIEC), a survey of newly registered industrial and commercial enterprises over the past decade shows that only 35 percent can be confirmed to be operating, while 57.3 percent cannot determine their business status. Since 2014, the number of business cancellations has continued to increase, with 5.1% of small enterprises cancelling in 2022, while the proportion of micro-enterprises cancelling is even higher, reaching 10.8% [ 31 ]. This phenomenon highlights the serious challenges faced by Msmes in the current environment, with a particular impact on the Chinese economy.

Chinese enterprises face significant challenges in expanding their global market presence due to high tariff barriers, numerous targeted legal and administrative regulations, market rules, and other obstacles. These factors considerably amplify the explicit and implicit costs associated with international expansion, thereby hindering overseas market growth and substantially reducing product profitability.This effect is manifested in the decline of enterprise performance, the weakening of competitiveness, the weakening of market power, the reduction of control power, especially the reduction of large enterprises in the market share. A large number of Chinese foreign trade enterprises are facing serious challenges, including but not limited to the reduction of orders, excess capacity, and may even face the potential risk of closure and bankruptcy. The array of challenges outlined above underscores the significant influence wielded by trade barriers and market regulations on the operational endeavors of enterprises, thereby presenting a formidable obstacle to the enduring progress of China’s foreign trade enterprises. In light of these circumstances, this paper strategically designates the year 2018 as the temporal focal point of the event’s impact. The objective is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the efficacy, timing, and strategies through which industrial policies can effectively facilitate China’s international trade advancement.

3. Theoretical analysis framework

Suppose that there is an enterprise W with foreign trade business in the economy, the output of the normal production of foreign trade product X is Q , and the reduced output of product X caused by Sino-US trade friction is Q 1 . Suppose that enterprise W satisfies the characteristics of the form of production function and the return to scale unchanged of Corduggas, then Q 1 increases with the increase of Q .

From Formula ( 6 ), it can be seen that product X is not only affected by the potential output F, including factors K and L, but also affected by the level of technological progress A and the loss Q 1 caused by trade friction.

The growth in the production of internationally traded goods is a crucial indication of China’s achievement of high-quality development in its foreign trade sector. Therefore, this study suggests that the development of industrial policies has an impact on the high-quality advancement of foreign trade, encompassing both the benefits derived from economies of scale and technological advancements as illustrated in Fig 1 below, where M represents either scale advantages or technical effects or both. However, further empirical investigation is necessary to explore the extent, directionality, and statistical significance of this influence.

• PPT PowerPoint slide
• PNG larger image
• TIFF original image

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.g001

4. Benchmark models, data sources, and variable measures

4.1. reference model.

In an effort to examine the influence of industrial policies on China’s progress in high-quality foreign trade, this study centers its attention on the trade dispute that occurred between China and the United States in 2018. To facilitate analysis, we have opted to explore the distinctive model outlined in Eq ( 16 ) provided below.

Among them, Fthd i , t represents the high-quality foreign trade development level of enterprise i in year t , a 0 is the intercept term, Policy i represents the industrial policy level of enterprise i (mainly represented by financial subsidies Fs , tax incentives Tp and the integrated Ip of the two), Treat t represents the virtual variable of time, which is 1 in 2018 and thereafter, otherwise 0. Using the interaction term of Policy i and Treat t as the core independent variable, the value, shape and significance of coefficient a 1 can reflect the impact of industrial policy on the Fthd . X i , t represents the control variable of enterprise i for t years. α i and β t represent firm fixed effects and time fixed effects, respectively, ε i , t represent random disturbance terms.

4.2. Data source

In this paper, in 2009 to 2022 China a-share listed companies as the research object (before 2008 and 2023 after data missing, cannot provide reliable experimental results), core data from the Tai’an (CSMR) database, Wind database and China city statistical yearbook, etc., to cross check data and 1% tail processing, and select the research period has been normal operation of the listed companies, finally screening meet the conditions of 1048 China a-share listed companies. At the same time, according to the national economic development, it is divided into four regions: eastern, central, western and northeast. According to the classification standards of the securities Association in 2012, enterprises are divided into the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry (The primary industry begins with the industry code A, and the secondary industry begins with the industry code B, C, D, E, and F, and those other than the primary industry and the secondary industry are the tertiary industry).

4.3. Measures of correlated variables

4.3.1. measurement of industrial policy..

4.3.2. Measurement of high-quality development of foreign trade.

This paper first excavates the annual reports of China’s A-share listed enterprises, and selects keywords such as "import and export" to determine the enterprises involved in foreign trade development. Then, by referring to Song Min et al., (2021), the OP method is used to estimate the high quality development level of China’s foreign trade ( Fthd ) [ 19 ].

In the above Eq ( 23 ), LnFthd i , t represents the high-quality development level of foreign trade of enterprise i in t years, and LnK i , t represents the labor input of enterprise i in t years, expressed by the number of employees of enterprise; LnL i , t represents the capital input of i enterprise in t years, expressed by the outward direct investment of the enterprise; LnM i , t represents the intermediate input of enterprise i in t years, expressed by the total export amount minus the tariff, labor compensation and operating surplus; Age is the age of enterprise, expressed by t minus the year of establishment; Soe is the dummy variable of state-owned enterprise, if it is state-owned enterprise, it is 1; otherwise, it is 0; α i , β t , and λ u represent firm, time, and industry fixed effects, respectively, while ε i , t represent random disturbance terms.

Concurrently, text mining techniques are utilized in this study to examine the occurrence of words related to the enhancement of foreign trade’s quality development, aiming to minimize plagiarism detection rates. Drawing upon the research findings of Wang Min (2022), a comprehensive approach is taken in selecting 33 three-level indicators that encompass various facets [ 35 ]. From the multidimensional connotation of the development of high quality trade comprehensive strength, innovation and development level, open circulation ability, open trade cooperation and trade security system five dimensions, selected 33 level 3 indicators, for the construction of China’s foreign trade high quality development level of evaluation index system (specific index system as shown in S1 Appendix ). Additionally, The enhancement of foreign trade with a focus on superior quality (denoted as Fthd1 ) is formulated through the application of methods (19) to (22).

In addition, since the index measurement of industrial policy and high-quality development of foreign trade has been divided into industries and industries, that is, the fixed effect of enterprises is controlled, then only time fixed effect β t needs to be considered in the empirical process, as shown in Eq ( 24 ) below, which also improves the traditional method of controlling individual fixed effect.

4.3.3. Measure of other variables.

The high-quality development of foreign trade is significantly influenced by industrial policy, which affects both the size of enterprises and technological advancements, as indicated in the theoretical analysis of this study.To measure enterprise size, this research adopts a similar approach as Ali and Johl (2023) by utilizing the logarithm of total assets [ 36 ]. A higher value indicates a larger enterprise scale (Ta). Additionally, a robustness test is conducted using the cash flow ratio (Cfr), which is calculated as net cash flows from operating activities divided by total assets. Furthermore, following Ye and Ying’s (2023) methodology, technological level (Ri) is assessed based on R&D investment made by enterprises [ 37 ]. A higher value signifies greater emphasis on technological innovation. The robustness test also includes examining the number of patent applications (Npa), representing the annual count of invention patents and utility model patents applied for. Moreover, control variables are selected based on Hipolito et al., (2023) article as well as Ma Tao et al., (2023) work [ 38 , 39 ]. These variables include current ratio ( Fr : current assets divided by current liabilities), fixed assets ratio ( Pfa : net fixed assets divided by total assets), listing time in years minus incorporation year( Ly ), number of directors represented in logarithmic form ( Nd : logarithm of board members), corporate leverage ratio( Clr : liabilities divided by total assets), return on equity( Roe : Net profit divided by average balance of shareholders’ equity). Descriptive statistical results for these variables are presented in Table 1 . It should be noted that although some values may appear as zero in Table 1 .

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t001

4.4. Correlation analysis of main variables

The present study investigates the relationship between key variables, and the specific findings are presented in Table 2 . First of all, the maximum correlation coefficient of the main variable is 0.400, that is, the possibility of more serious multicollinearity is small, slight multicollinearity can be taken without action; Secondly, most of the correlation coefficients are significant at the 5% level, that is, the selected variables are effective; Finally, the correlation coefficients of Ta and Ri , Ta and Npa , and Cfr and Npa are respectively significant 0.040, -0.055 and 0.019, that is, the variables of the mechanism of action are mutually affected, and such a single or parallel mechanism cannot be simply considered, but it is necessary to combine them.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t002

5. Empirical result

5.1. baseline regression result.

The specific results of Eq ( 16 ) and Eq ( 24 ) of the differential differential model are shown in Table 3 . Column (1) of Table 3 considers the fixed effect of enterprises, and column (2) adds control variables. Both results prove that industrial policy can significantly promote the Fthd . After the current ratio, the proportion of fixed assets, the year of listing, the number of directors, the leverage ratio and the return on equity, the promoting effect is significantly reduced, but the goodness of fit R 2 is significantly increased, indicating that the relevant control variables are effective. Besides, the current ratio and the proportion of fixed assets inhibit the Fthd , the other variables have significant promoting effects. Columns (3) and (4) take into account the time fixed effect, and their coefficients are larger than those in columns (1) and (2), but their significance remains unchanged, indicating that in the "new round" of China-Us trade friction in 2018 and its aftermath, a 1% increase in industrial policy will significantly promote the Fthd by 1.8240%, and with the development of time, the correlation between the superior quality of China’s foreign trade and fixed assets will transform from being restrictive to becoming supportive. In column (5) and column (6), both time and firm fixed effect were considered for baseline regression, and the significance of baseline regression was reduced, and the goodness of fit R 2 was also reduced, compared with controlling only time fixed effect. Overall, the goodness of Fit R 2 for column (4) is relatively best, which means that it is reasonable to review the model in Formula ( 24 ) as the baseline for this paper.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t003

5.2. Parallel trend test

In order to address potential biases in assessing the impact of industrial policy during the 2018 "new round" of trade frictions between China and the US, this study employs a parallel trend analysis. Furthermore, Eq ( 16 ) is adjusted by modifying the event time for Treatt while keeping other variables constant. The findings from the parallel trend analysis are displayed in Fig 2 . In the three years before 2018, the impact factors of industrial policy were not significant, and the inhibitory effect in 2015 was transformed into the promoting effect in 2016 and after, showing a significant promoting effect from 2019 to 2021, and the impact factors in 2019 were significantly larger than those in 2017. At the same time, due to the impact of the global novel coronavirus epidemic in 2021, although the promotion effect has decreased, it is still significantly larger than the value in 2017.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.g002

5.3. Robustness test

To ensure the reliability of the baseline regression findings in Eq ( 16 ), this study conducts robustness examinations employing three distinct methodologies.

For instance, It is apparent that the eastern provinces have a more sophisticated approach to industrial policy compared to the central and western regions. Therefore, we conducted a benchmark regression analysis in the controlled provinces, as presented in column (1) of Table 4 . Furthermore, it was observed that provincial industrial policies exhibited significant positive impacts on Fthd while their influence factors were notably diminished, indicating variations among them.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t004

The second group pertains to the examination of how different indicators chosen may affect empirical results. To tackle this concern, we utilized a text mining technique to substitute China’s superior development indicators for international commerce, and these outcomes are displayed in column (2) of Table 4 . Although the estimated value is reduced, it is still significant at the 5% level, that is, the higher the level of implementing industrial policies for enterprises, the greater the degree of Fthd . On the other hand, financial subsidies and tax incentives are chosen to represent industrial policies respectively.The findings are displayed in the third and fourth columns of Table 4 . A 1% increase in financial subsidies will significantly promote the Fthd by 0.0268%, while tax incentives will increase by 0.0588% in value, but it is not significant at the level of 10%. In other words, the effect of foreign trade subsidies implemented by the government is better than that of tax incentives, which indirectly proves that the weight of financial subsidies 0.6889 is greater than that of tax incentives 0.3111 is reasonable when calculating the weight of the two.

The aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008 had a significant impact on China’s economy. Nevertheless, this paper does not take into account the years between 2009 and 2011, which include three years following the crisis.The results are shown in column (5) of Table 4 , which still has a significant promoting effect. On the other hand, given that the financial subsidies and tax incentives provided in the industrial policies of provincial capital cities exceed those offered in other cities, this study excludes enterprises situated in provincial capital cities. The corresponding outcomes are presented in column (6) of Table 4 . It is important to highlight that industrial policies continue to play a significant role in promoting the Fthd .

5.4. Assessment of endogeneity

Enterprises in areas with a higher level of high-quality foreign trade development (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, etc.) tend to have strong economic strength and receive higher financial subsidies and tax incentives from the government, that is, there is a reverse causal relationship between industrial policy and high-quality foreign trade development. At the same time, the enterprises with a higher level of foreign trade development in the previous year will maintain a good development trend to a greater extent, and may still achieve a higher level of development in the next year, that is, the high-quality development of foreign trade in the current period will be subtly affected by the high-quality development of foreign trade in the previous period.

In order to avoid the impact of the lag period of industrial policy and high-quality development of foreign trade on the high-quality development of foreign trade in the current period, we use the instrumental variable method to verify whether there is an endogenous problem, and take the lag period of industrial policy as the instrumental variable to conduct 2SLS regression to solve the endogenous problem caused by reverse causality. The specific results are shown in columns (1) and (2) of Table 5 . At the same time, columns (3) and (4) take the lag period of high-quality development of foreign trade as an instrumental variable to solve the second problem. Columns (5) and (6) consider that a period of lag in industrial policy and a period of lag in high-quality development of foreign trade may have simultaneous effects. Wald F-values for the weak instrumental variable tests in columns (1), (3), and (5) are all greater than 10. It means that the instrumental variables (the lag phase of industrial policy and the lag phase of high-quality development of foreign trade) are related to the explanatory variable (the industrial policy of the current period), and are not weak instrumental variables. Meanwhile, the results of Prob > F in the remaining three columns are all less than 10%, indicating rejection of the null hypothesis, and the lag phase of high-quality development of industrial policy and foreign trade is an exogenous variable. There is no such endogeneity problem.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t005

5.5. Heterogeneity test

The industrial policies of enterprises in different property rights, strategic cities and geographical regions may have different impacts on the Fthd , so the heterogeneity test is divided into the following three categories:

5.5.1. Firm heterogeneity test.

State-owned enterprises play a pivotal role in the national economy, often receiving government support for their foreign trade activities. They serve as the primary impetus behind the advancement of high-quality foreign trade.Although private enterprises have stronger flexibility and innovation ability, and can adapt to the changes of the international market faster, they have difficulty in financing and weak ability to cope with the impact of international risks, and move slowly in the process of high-quality foreign trade development. Based on the classification of enterprises according to their property rights, the sample companies are divided into state-owned and private entities. From the data presented in columns (1) and (2) of Table 6 , it becomes apparent that industrial policies implemented by state-owned enterprises have a more pronounced impact on promoting Fthd compared to those adopted by private enterprises. This observation implies that state-owned enterprises demonstrate greater resilience in effectively managing risk shocks amidst "new round" of Sino-US trade friction in 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t006

5.5.2. Urban heterogeneity test.

Frequent trade exchanges between countries or regions need to rely on a series of factors such as highly open trade systems and policies, long-term strategic cooperative relations, convenient transportation conditions, and differentiated product and service structures of both sides. On the basis of these key elements, the "Belt and Road" Initiative provides more foreign trade opportunities for countries or regions along the route through mutualism and industrial transfer, so as to achieve global trade prosperity and hedge the adverse effects of trade protectionism to a certain extent. Due to the obvious differences in the development level of various regions in China, the Belt and Road Initiative has clearly defined the opening-up trend of each region in the process of promoting the initiative, and has focused on distinguishing 18 provinces involving the northeast, northwest and southwest regions according to their economic functions and roles. The cities where enterprises are registered can be categorized into two groups in this study: those located within the Belt and Road region, and those situated outside of it. This categorization is conducted as part of an analysis on their association with the "Belt and Road" Initiative.The specific outcomes can be found in the third and fourth columns of Table 6 . Despite the lower number of enterprises in cities along the Belt and Road compared to other cities, their industrial policies exert a disproportionately influential role in promoting Fthd , suggesting that trade cooperation can effectively amplify this promotional impact.

5.5.3. Regional heterogeneity test.

Based on the trajectory of economic growth, China can be classified into four primary geographical divisions: the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions.The eastern region has a large number of port cities and special economic zones, which occupy a dominant position in foreign trade [ 40 ], while the central region makes a great contribution to the manufacturing industry such as steel and automobiles and the export of agricultural products [ 41 ]. The western region has advantages in the export of natural resources such as oil, natural gas and coal as well as agricultural products [ 42 ], while the northeastern region contributes significantly to the foreign trade of heavy industrial products and resource products [ 43 ]. The impact of different regional industrial policies on the Fthd is shown in columns (5) to (8) of Table 6 . The promotion effect of the eastern region is much greater than that of the central and western regions, and the number of enterprises in the northeast region is only 55, but its estimated value is the largest, indicating that after the "new round" of Sino-US trade friction in 2018, the economically developed region is still the key region for the Fthd .

6. Mechanism analysis

Theoretical analysis shows that industrial policy affects the Fthd by acting on enterprise scale and technology. Therefore, this paper combines Formula ( 17 ) and Formula ( 18 ) to conduct a stepwise regression test.

6.1. Mechanism test of scale effect

Column (1) in Table 7 shows the impact of industrial policies on total assets, and its estimated value is significantly negative, which means that under the "new round" of Sino-US trade friction in 2018, more financial subsidies and tax incentives for enterprises by the government are not conducive to the increase of total assets of enterprises, and inhibit the economic development potential of enterprises in international shocks. It may be due to the "new round" Sino-US trade impact, the higher threshold of financial subsidies and tax incentives, stricter supervision and stronger market competition constraints, etc. inhibit the enthusiasm of enterprises to increase assets [ 44 ]; It can be seen that the influence of industrial policy and total assets on the Fthd in column (2) has passed the Sobel test, and the estimated value of c1 in Eq ( 17 ) is lower than 1.8240 in column (4) of Table 3 , that is, there is a single mechanism of action. The promotion effect of industrial policy on the Fthd will be partly offset by the inhibition effect of total assets on the Fthd . It may be that the increase in total assets of enterprises under the "new round" Sino-US trade friction leads to overcapacity, the urgent pursuit of short-term profits and the reduction of product costs, and the lack of management ability inhibit the Fthd [ 45 ].

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t007

The results presented in columns (3) and (4) of Table 7 demonstrate that the implementation of industrial policies has a positive impact on enterprises’ cash flow ratio. However, it is noteworthy that the promoting effect of industrial policies on the Fthd is overshadowed by the enhancing influence of enterprises’ cash flow ratio on the Fthd , which may be attributed to an increase in financial subsidies and post-tax incentives since 2018. In addition, the increase of cash flow will promote enterprises to carry out foreign trade investment, technological innovation and market competition and other activities, but when enterprises’ foreign trade activities increase, the government’s financial subsidies will decrease and the tax will increase, which will have a crowding out effect on the Fthd [ 46 ].

6.2. Mechanism test of technology effect

Columns (5) and (6) of Table 7 indicate that industrial policy significantly inhibits enterprises’ R&D input, and the promotion effect of industrial policy on Fthd will be offset by the inhibition effect of enterprise R&D on Fthd . It may be due to the increase of financial subsidies and tax incentives given by the government after 2018, which makes relevant enterprises more inclined to pursue the support of government subsidies. Reduce R&D expenditure to maintain survival, and even if the increase in R&D investment promotes the increase in product cost and profit, the direct impact of Sino-US trade friction is the decrease in sales of related products, and these problems inhibit the Fthd [ 47 , 48 ].

The influence of industrial policy on the Fthd is affected by the number of patent applications made by enterprises in column (7) and List (8) of Table 7 . Although the significance level of the Sobel test does not meet the threshold, it can be observed that an increase in enterprise patent applications enhances the promotional effect of industrial policy on the Fthd . This also means that after the "new round" of Sino-US trade friction in 2018, Chinese enterprises will break through the technological blockade of the United States to help promote the Fthd [ 49 ].

6.3. Further discussion

In Table 2 , the correlation between total assets and R&D input is significant, and in Table 7 , total assets and R&D input have a single significant mechanism of action. In the analysis of the appellate theoretical framework, the scale effect and technology effect of enterprises jointly influence the promotion effect of industrial policy on the Fthd . Therefore, we combined Formula ( 16 ), Formula ( 17 ) and Formula ( 18 ) to test the interaction mechanism of enterprise scale effect and technology effect.

First of all, Table 7 column (5), (1) and Table 8 (1) of the results of the total assets effective effect on the influence of the industry on r & d investment, namely industrial policy on r & d investment (0.0959***) by the industrial policy on total assets (0.2406***) and reduced to 0.0940, may be due to the increase of the enterprise assets will make enterprises have enough capital to increase r & d investment, improve the international competitiveness of products under the "new round of" trade friction [ 50 ].

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.t008

Secondly, the results of columns (1) and (5) of Table 7 and (2) of Table 8 show that the total assets of industrial policy on R&D input (-0.2406***) will be reduced to -0.2353 by the inhibitory effect of industrial policy on R&D input (-0.0959***). This may be due to the increase in R&D investment of enterprises, which reduces product costs, increases sales, and increases total assets of enterprises, alleviating the inhibitory effect of industrial policy on R&D investment [ 51 ].

Finally, by comparing the estimated value of c1 1.7268 and 1.8240, 1.7703 and 1.7785 in column (3) of Table 8 , column (4) of Table 7 , column (2) of Table 7 and column (6) of Table 7 , we can see that the scale effect and technology effect of enterprises interact with the promotion effect of industrial policy on the Fthd . A more accurate result of Fig 1 is shown in Fig 3 below.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.g003

7. Conclusions and enlightenments

Following the "new round" of Sino-US trade friction in 2018, it is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of China’s industrial policy in promoting high-quality development in foreign trade (Fthd) and its underlying mechanisms. This study establishes a theoretical framework based on Kogangras’ production function to analyze this issue. It conducts both qualitative and quantitative analyses using financial data from 1141 Chinese A-shares listed companies between 2009 and 2022. The empirical results indicate that for every 1% increase in the intensity of government-implemented industrial policy, there is a corresponding enhancement of 1.8240% in the extent of China’s foreign trade characterized by superior development quality. Importantly, additional tests considering factors such as provincial fixed effects, replacement variables, and extreme values consistently confirm this significant promotional effect. This effect is particularly pronounced for enterprises located in regions with higher policy intensity, more frequent trade exchanges, and greater economic development. Furthermore, three scenarios are identified: Firstly, industrial policies may either hinder total asset growth or facilitate an increase in cash flow ratio for enterprises resulting in a diminished promotional effect on Fthd; Secondly restrictions on R&D investment imposed by industrial policy can impede Fthd promotion; However limitations on patent applications can promote Fthd without significant evidence supporting this mechanism; lastly the interplay between total enterprise assets and R&D investment attenuates the promotional impact of industrial policy on Fthd.

Based on the findings, the paper derives three valuable lessons for future research and policy deliberations.

(1) Accelerating the transformation of enterprises into high-end entities

In the current market environment, the high-end transformation of enterprises includes three aspects: digital, intelligent and green:

Within the framework of corporate digital transformation, businesses are accelerating the integration of digital technology across various facets of their activities, including research and development, procurement, production, warehouse management, marketing, and other business processes. This strategic endeavor aims to optimize organizational structure, refine management practices, and enhance governance models through leveraging digital technology. Moreover, there is a heightened emphasis on investing in research and development activities to fully harness the internal capacity-building benefits facilitated by digital transformation. Enterprises should give full play to the advantages of digital platforms such as the Internet, screen complex market information, tap potential investment opportunities, and rely on the characteristics of digital technology openness and sharing and breaking time and space restrictions, efficiently and accurately handle massive digital resources in the market, accurately identify the increasingly diversified needs of customers, open up new customer resource markets, and thus significantly reduce external transaction costs. Improve production efficiency.

In terms of intelligent transformation of enterprises, given that the integration of various organizational management, production activities and intelligent technology will generate collaborative costs, moderate intelligent investment will help enterprises develop high-quality, but excessive intelligent investment will form a crowding out effect with other production factors, greatly increasing the overall collaborative cost and hindering the improvement of production efficiency. Therefore, enterprise managers should not only fully realize the importance of intelligence, but also formulate the quality layer design to accelerate the intelligent transformation of the whole process of the enterprise from the strategic level, and expand the investment in the integration of intelligent hardware and software resources.

Enterprises must take proactive responsibility in efficiently managing and reducing environmental impacts within the framework of corporate environmental transformation.This can be accomplished by establishing a robust environmental management information system, promptly disclosing comprehensive details regarding their environmental governance efforts, and garnering the trust and support of market stakeholders through tangible actions towards green transformation. By doing so, companies can bolster their reputation and long-term market value. It is crucial to acknowledge that green transformation encompasses not only environmental performance but also economic performance and sustainability innovation. Therefore, regular self-assessment should be conducted to gauge the progress made in achieving sustainable development goals. Identifying key obstacles impeding green transformation is essential for actively integrating a mindset of green development into all aspects of production and operations. Moreover, leveraging environmentally-friendly technologies will facilitate a seamless transition towards a greener future by promoting resource efficiency. Ultimately, these measures will contribute significantly to successfully attaining the "double carbon" goal.

(2) Reinforce the exploitation of the extensive market to facilitate the advancement of industrial policies

China has the largest consumer market in the world, which gives it a unique advantage in dealing with external pressures. The Chinese government continues to promote the continuous expansion of the domestic market through measures such as expanding domestic demand and promoting consumption upgrading. It is also necessary to encourage more enterprises to participate in the domestic market and reduce their dependence on external markets by stimulating consumption and improving the development of the service sector.

First of all, analyze the market demand and trend, through market research and data analysis, understand the demand and trend of the domestic market, and determine the priority development of industrial areas. Taking into account the characteristics of the hyperscale market, focus on industries with high growth potential, high added value, high technology content and conducive to domestic consumption. By stimulating the vitality of the domestic market, strengthening the construction of the domestic market and reducing the dependence on the external market.

Secondly, strengthen the encouragement of innovation and R&D, increase support for scientific and technological advancements in key industries, and encourage businesses to enhance their technical capabilities and ability to innovate independently.The government should set up science and technology innovation funds, support scientific research institutions and enterprises to carry out innovation projects, and provide patent protection and intellectual property support. At the same time, we will strengthen the training of government departments and enterprises to improve their understanding of international trade policies and market changes, and cultivate professionals with an international perspective and policy analysis ability.

Finally, establish standards and quality systems that are in line with the international market, and enhance the international competitiveness of priority industries by strengthening quality supervision, standard setting and brand building. By supporting enterprises to participate in international exhibitions and trade negotiations, the government cultivates internationally renowned brands, promotes the international market expansion of priority industries, and improves the competitiveness of domestic products.

(3) Enhance the ability to respond to foreign trade policy implementation

In the context of the "new round" of Sino-US trade friction, we must take measures from the perspective of industrial policy to deal with it. Establishing an industrial policy evaluation system to cope with trade protection, improving the industrial policy governance mechanism, and improving policy enforcement will help strengthen the response to trade protectionism, safeguard national interests, and achieve sustainable development.

First, improve the industrial policy evaluation system in response to trade protection. China should further improve its industrial policy evaluation system to better cope with the challenges brought by trade protectionism. These include: Impact assessment: When formulating new industrial policies or making major adjustments, the government will conduct a comprehensive impact assessment to analyze the international trade reaction that the policies may cause, so as to avoid unnecessary trade disputes; Risk assessment: for industries that may be affected by trade protectionist measures, anticipate their possible losses and impacts, and provide coping strategies for enterprises; Policy coordination assessment: there may be conflicts and overlaps between different industrial policies, and policy coordination assessment can ensure the consistency and coordination of industrial policies.

Second, optimize the foreign trade policy feedback mechanism. Effective feedback on policy implementation is the key to dealing with trade protectionism, and China should take a series of measures to improve policy implementation. Specifically include: supervision and inspection: the government will strengthen the supervision and inspection of the implementation of industrial policies to ensure that the policies take root; Accountability mechanism: The government will establish an accountability mechanism for relevant departments and responsible persons who fail to effectively implement industrial policies to ensure the effective implementation of policies; Information disclosure: The government will disclose the implementation of industrial policies in a timely manner, so that enterprises and the public can understand the effect and impact of the policies.

In the end, enhanced global collaboration is of utmost importance. Given the prevailing surge in trade protectionism, China has proactively engaged in international cooperation and jointly confronted the challenges at hand. Concrete actions include safeguarding the integrity of the multilateral trading system, strengthening partnerships with other nations to foster advancements in free trade, actively promoting and entering into free trade agreements to broaden our network of trading allies and reduce barriers to commerce, as well as establishing a consultation mechanism that facilitates dialogue with relevant countries for addressing potential issues leading to trade disputes and resolving differences amicably.

However, there are still three shortcomings in this study.first, Limitations to the study data exist, More businesses in 2009 and 2022 and we deleted, at the same time, The enterprise data screened in this paper were largely missing before 2008 and after 2023, After expanding the number of enterprises or the study period, Whether the results remain consistent; next, The choice of the model is too monotonous, The dual difference model is more suitable for the discussion of this paper, But whether the conclusions of the remaining regression models are similarly similar are unclear, For example, the space Dubin model to explore the impact of industrial policies of surrounding provinces on the high-quality development of foreign trade of enterprises in the provinces; last, The validation of the model assumptions cannot be comprehensive, For example, adopting the Levinsohn-Petrin method or the ordinary least squares method to measure the high-quality development of foreign trade and adopting the entropy method to measure the industrial policy level, Making the conclusions more robust. Therefore, the issue of appeal can be further refined in future studies.

Supporting information

S1 appendix..

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309458.s001

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