economic research

IP, Inflation, and Liquidity Premia

Find research from economists Ana Maria Santacreu  on intellectual property rights in Review of Economics and Statistics and Fernando Martin on inflation and liquidity premia in Review of Economic Dynamics .

Aakash Kalyani

St. Louis Fed Economists Support Wider Efforts

Oksana Leukhina serves on the  Opportunity & Inclusive Growth Institute  and Paulina Restrepo-Echavarria is secretary of the Society for Economic Dynamics to support impactful economic research.

SUBSCRIBE TO THE RESEARCH DIVISION NEWSLETTER

Research division.

• Legal and Privacy

One Federal Reserve Bank Plaza St. Louis, MO 63102

Information for Visitors

Welcome to FRED, Federal Reserve Economic Data. Your trusted source for economic data since 1991.

Trending Search Terms:

Browse data by:.

FRED Adds New Census Poverty Data

We’ve Updated Our Terms of Use: Action Requested      

Immigrant talent in the US labor force

Changes in gasoline and automobile prices since the pandemic

More Popular Series

Release Calendar

Subscribe to the FRED newsletter

• Federal Reserve Facebook Page
• Federal Reserve Instagram Page
• Federal Reserve YouTube Page
• Federal Reserve Flickr Page
• Federal Reserve LinkedIn Page
• Federal Reserve Threads Page
• Federal Reserve Twitter Page
• Subscribe to RSS
• Subscribe to Email
• Recent Postings
• Publications

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, provides the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system.

Economic Research

Finance and economics discussion series.

Hie Joo Ahn and Matteo Luciani

David Glancy and Robert Kurtzman

Ben Ranish , Andrea Stella , and Jeffery Zhang

International Finance Discussion Papers

Nils Gornemann , Sebastian Hildebrand, and Keith Kuester

Trang Hoang , Devashish Mitra, and Hoang Pham

Baris Kaymak and Immo Schott

Daniel Ringo

Simon C. Smith , Allan Timmermann, Jonathan H. Wright

Data, Models and Tools

FRB/US Model :

A large-scale estimated general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy for FRB/US Model  

Yield Curve Models and Data :

Models of daily yield curves, and a dynamic term structure model of Treasury yields

Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) :

Information on families' balance sheets, pensions, income, and demographic characteristics

Economic Research Data:

View selected research data from the Federal Reserve Board's working papers and notes series.

Estimated Dynamic Optimization (EDO) Model :

A medium-scale New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of the U.S. economy.

Research Resources

• Staff Publications and Working Papers 2022-2023 (PDF)
• Research Support
• Seminars and Workshops
• Visiting Scholars
• Alumni List
• Other Research
• Federal Reserve Board Research Data Center

Meet the Researchers

By Division

Consumer and Community Affairs Financial Stability International Finance Monetary Affairs Office of Board Members Research and Statistics Reserve Bank Operations and Payment Systems Supervision and Regulation

By Field of Interest

Finance International Economics Macroeconomics Mathematical and Quantitative Methods Microeconomics  

All Researchers

• Overview of economist positions
• Frequently asked questions
• Overview of research assistant positions

Disclaimer: The economic research that is linked from this page represents the views of the authors and does not indicate concurrence either by other members of the Board's staff or by the Board of Governors. The economic research and their conclusions are often preliminary and are circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

The Board values having a staff that conducts research on a wide range of economic topics and that explores a diverse array of perspectives on those topics. The resulting conversations in academia, the economic policy community, and the broader public are important to sharpening our collective thinking.

An official website of the United States government

Research @ BEA

Research Offices of Research

Learn more about BEA's economic research, innovations, and methodology improvements.

Research Meet the Researchers

Explore BEA researchers' biographies and publications, sorted by name and subject matter expertise.

Research Papers

Browse economic research papers and presentations, filtered by topic and year.

Research Special Sworn Researcher Program

Learn how outside researchers can apply to use BEA's company data for statistical research, under strict guidelines.

Research Research Using Company-Level Data

View published research by academic economists who were granted access to BEA's business confidential data.

Research Guest Lectures

See the schedule for guest lectures held on-site at BEA.

Research Fellowship Program

Read about BEA fellowship opportunities with the American Statistical Association and National Science Foundation.

Latest Research

The views expressed in these papers are solely those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis or the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Expanding the Frontier of Economic Statistics Using Big Data: A Case Study of Regional Employment

The impact of subsidies on measuring productivity and the sources of economic growth, an application of the oaxaca-blinder decomposition to the price deflation problem, studies on the value of data.

Browse Econ Literature

• Working papers
• Software components
• Book chapters
• JEL classification

More features

• Subscribe to new research

RePEc Biblio

Author registration.

• Economics Virtual Seminar Calendar NEW!

Some searches may not work properly. We apologize for the inconvenience.

Search IDEAS All Articles Papers Chapters Books Software  In: Whole record Abstract Keywords Title Author Sort by: new options Relevance Oldest Most recent Most cited Title alphabet Recently added Recent & relevant Relevant & cited Recent & cited From: Any Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1900 1800 1700 To: Any Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1900 1800 1700 More advanced search New: sort by citation count and by recently added --> What is IDEAS? IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc , it indexes over 4,700,000 items of research, including over 4,300,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives , including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data. For some statistics about the holdings on this site, see here . Authors are invited to register with RePEc to create an online profile. Then, anyone finding some of their research here can find your latest contact details and a listing of their other research. They will also receive a monthly mailing about the popularity of their works, their ranking and newly found citations. How do I find on IDEAS what I am looking for?

More services and features.

Follow serials, authors, keywords & more

Public profiles for Economics researchers

Various research rankings in Economics

RePEc Genealogy

Who was a student of whom, using RePEc

Curated articles & papers on economics topics

Upload your paper to be listed on RePEc and IDEAS

New papers by email

Subscribe to new additions to RePEc

EconAcademics

Blog aggregator for economics research

Cases of plagiarism in Economics

About RePEc

Initiative for open bibliographies in Economics

News about RePEc

Questions about IDEAS and RePEc

RePEc volunteers

Participating archives

Publishers indexing in RePEc

Privacy statement

Corrections.

Found an error or omission?

Opportunities to help RePEc

Get papers listed

Have your research listed on RePEc

Open a RePEc archive

Have your institution's/publisher's output listed on RePEc

Get RePEc data

Use data assembled by RePEc

This website uses cookies.

By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to browse our site, you agree to first-party and session-only cookies being stored on your device to enhance site navigation and analyze site performance and traffic. For more information on our use of cookies, please see our Privacy Policy .

The Essential Reference Tool for Economics Literature

EconLit provides the coverage most needed by scholars to make new discoveries, develop important insights, and contribute valuable research to the economics community.

• Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
• Working Papers
• PhD Dissertations
• Books and Book Reviews
• Collective Volume Articles

Professionally classified, updated weekly, and including over 1.6 million records, EconLit covers economics literature published over the last 130 years from leading institutions in 74 countries.  In combination with the optional full-text package of over 500 journals, including the prestigious AEA journals, EconLit provides a comprehensive library of economics literature.

Contact EconLit

Jel codes guide, econlit search hints, econlit at conference exhibits, econlit: content, econlit subscriptions, econlit for aea members, econlit brochure.

• About the New York Fed
• Bank Leadership
• Diversity and Inclusion
• Communities We Serve
• Board of Directors
• Disclosures
• Ethics and Conflicts of Interest
• Annual Financial Statements
• News & Events
• Advisory Groups
• Vendor Information
• Holiday Schedule

At the New York Fed, our mission is to make the U.S. economy stronger and the financial system more stable for all segments of society. We do this by executing monetary policy, providing financial services, supervising banks and conducting research and providing expertise on issues that impact the nation and communities we serve.

The New York Innovation Center bridges the worlds of finance, technology, and innovation and generates insights into high-value central bank-related opportunities.

Do you have a request for information and records? Learn how to submit it.

Learn about the history of the New York Fed and central banking in the United States through articles, speeches, photos and video.

• Markets & Policy Implementation
• Reference Rates
• Effective Federal Funds Rate
• Overnight Bank Funding Rate
• Secured Overnight Financing Rate
• SOFR Averages & Index
• Broad General Collateral Rate
• Tri-Party General Collateral Rate
• Desk Operations
• Treasury Securities
• Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Reverse Repos
• Securities Lending
• Central Bank Liquidity Swaps
• System Open Market Account Holdings
• Primary Dealer Statistics
• Historical Transaction Data
• Monetary Policy Implementation
• Agency Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Agency Debt Securities
• Repos & Reverse Repos
• Discount Window
• Treasury Debt Auctions & Buybacks as Fiscal Agent
• INTERNATIONAL MARKET OPERATIONS
• Foreign Exchange
• Foreign Reserves Management
• Central Bank Swap Arrangements
• Statements & Operating Policies
• Survey of Primary Dealers
• Survey of Market Participants
• Annual Reports
• Primary Dealers
• Standing Repo Facility Counterparties
• Reverse Repo Counterparties
• Foreign Exchange Counterparties
• Foreign Reserves Management Counterparties
• Operational Readiness
• Central Bank & International Account Services
• Programs Archive

Economic Research

• Consumer Expectations & Behavior
• Survey of Consumer Expectations
• Household Debt & Credit Report
• Home Price Changes
• Growth & Inflation
• Equitable Growth Indicators
• Multivariate Core Trend Inflation
• New York Fed DSGE Model
• New York Fed Staff Nowcast
• R-star: Natural Rate of Interest
• Labor Market
• Labor Market for Recent College Graduates
• Financial Stability
• Corporate Bond Market Distress Index
• Outlook-at-Risk
• Treasury Term Premia
• Yield Curve as a Leading Indicator
• Banking Research Data Sets
• Quarterly Trends for Consolidated U.S. Banking Organizations
• Empire State Manufacturing Survey
• Business Leaders Survey
• Regional Business Surveys: Special Topics
• Regional Employment Trends
• Early Benchmarked Employment Data
• INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
• Global Supply Chain Pressure Index
• Staff Economists
• Visiting Scholars
• Resident Scholars
• PUBLICATIONS
• Liberty Street Economics
• Staff Reports
• Economic Policy Review
• RESEARCH CENTERS
• Applied Macroeconomics & Econometrics Center (AMEC)
• Center for Microeconomic Data (CMD)
• Economic Indicators Calendar
• Financial Institution Supervision
• Regulations
• Reporting Forms
• Correspondence
• Bank Applications
• Community Reinvestment Act Exams
• Frauds and Scams

As part of our core mission, we supervise and regulate financial institutions in the Second District. Our primary objective is to maintain a safe and competitive U.S. and global banking system.

The Governance & Culture Reform hub is designed to foster discussion about corporate governance and the reform of culture and behavior in the financial services industry.

Need to file a report with the New York Fed? Here are all of the forms, instructions and other information related to regulatory and statistical reporting in one spot.

The New York Fed works to protect consumers as well as provides information and resources on how to avoid and report specific scams.

• Financial Services & Infrastructure
• Services For Financial Institutions
• Payment Services
• Payment System Oversight
• International Services, Seminars & Training
• Tri-Party Repo Infrastructure Reform
• Managing Foreign Exchange
• Money Market Funds
• Over-The-Counter Derivatives

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York works to promote sound and well-functioning financial systems and markets through its provision of industry and payment services, advancement of infrastructure reform in key markets and training and educational support to international institutions.

The growing role of nonbank financial institutions, or NBFIs, in U.S. financial markets is a transformational trend with implications for monetary policy and financial stability.

The New York Fed offers the Central Banking Seminar and several specialized courses for central bankers and financial supervisors.

• Community Development & Education
• Household Financial Well-being
• Fed Communities
• Fed Listens
• Fed Small Business
• Workforce Development
• Other Community Development Work
• High School Fed Challenge
• College Fed Challenge
• Teacher Professional Development
• Classroom Visits
• Museum & Learning Center Visits
• Educational Comic Books
• Economist Spotlight Series
• Lesson Plans and Resources
• Economic Education Calendar

We are connecting emerging solutions with funding in three areas—health, household financial stability, and climate—to improve life for underserved communities. Learn more by reading our strategy.

The Economic Inequality & Equitable Growth hub is a collection of research, analysis and convenings to help better understand economic inequality.

• Request a Speaker
• International Seminars & Training
• Governance & Culture Reform
• Data Visualization
• Economic Research Tracker
• Markets Data APIs
• Terms of Use

• Jobs Report
• Economic Growth

Webinar on Ending IMF Surcharge Policy

view more on IMF

Kenya protests: a wake-up call to a failing international financial architecture, the case for the complete removal of imf surcharges: historical precedents and a growing burden, unemployment edges down to 4.2 percent in august. economy creates 142,000 jobs.

view more on Jobs Report

August jobs preview: what to expect in the august jobs report, july jobs preview: what to expect in the july jobs report, u.s. workers are far better off than four years ago.

view more on Economic Growth

Job growth slows to 114,000 in july, unemployment rises to 4.3 percent.

• Elecciones Elecciones
• Fondo Monetario Internacional Fondo Monetario Internacional

Las controvertidas elecciones en Venezuela y el camino por delante

Más de Elections

Las elecciones en ecuador podrían tener consecuencias perdurables, lo que está en juego en las elecciones presidenciales de colombia: construir la paz, reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad, no a las falsas soluciones: los sobrecargos del fmi deben desaparecer.

Más DEG para América Latina y el Caribe: una oportunidad en tiempos de múltiples crisis

Entrevista con mark weisbrot sobre las elecciones en argentina.

CEPR examines how government policies affect growth, employment, prices, poverty and health in the world and US.

CEPR analiza cómo las políticas gubernamentales afectan el crecimiento, el empleo, los precios, la pobreza y la salud en el mundo y en EE. UU.

Why CEPR Matters

Cepr In the News

Cepr en las noticias.

Maryland’s High-Priced Pension Managers Aren’t Beating Basic Investment Advice

The Baltimore Banner / August 28, 2024

Trump’s Ad Attacks Harris for a Tax Program That Doesn’t Exist

The Washington Post / August 27, 2024

La crisis permanente de Haití

Cenital / 17 Agosto 2024

Trump infligió castigo colectivo a Venezuela y es corresponsable de su crisis

Sin Embargo / 08 Agosto 2024

Eileen Appelbaum

Co-director.

@EileenAppelbaum

Mark Weisbrot

@MarkWeisbrot

Algernon Austin

Director, race and economic justice.

@algernon_austin

• Jobs Byte Economic Crisis and Recovery Jobs Jobs Report Unemployment United States Wages

Dean Baker / September 06, 2024

• Op-Ed/Commentary Economic Growth Wages Workers

Dean Baker / September 04, 2024

• Jobs Byte Economic Crisis and Recovery Economic Growth Jobs and Wages Jobs Byte Jobs Report Unemployment

Dean Baker / September 03, 2024

• Op-Ed/Commentary Afghanistan CEPR Sanctions Watch Cuba Iran North Korea Sanctions Syria Venezuela

CEPR Sanctions Watch August 2024

Michael Galant and Pedro Labayen Herrera / August 29, 2024

• Press Release Ecuador Latin America and the Caribbean US Foreign Policy World

Leaked Messages Suggest Collaboration Between US, Ecuador’s Top Prosecutor as She Targeted Opponents, Broke the Law

Washington, DC — Drop Site News and The Intercept Brasil report that they have reviewed more than 1,500 leaked text messages that appear to be between Ecuadorian attorney general Diana Salazar, hailed by the US government as an anti-corruption champion, and former member of Ecuador’s National Assembly Ronny Aleaga. The messages contain numerous bombshell allegations, including claims apparently made by Salazar that slain 2023 presidential candidate Fernando Villavicencio had been a US government informant. They and other recently leaked messages also suggest that Salazar has used her position to politically target members of the Ecuadorian left, and appears to have sometimes done so with support from officials in the US embassy in Quito.

“These messages appear to further confirm that ‘lawfare’ ― politicizing judicial systems to target opponents ― has been conducted in a blatant and aggressive manner in Ecuador that calls to mind the same sort of judicial persecution that had put Brazil’s now-president Lula da Silva in jail. This kept Lula ― who left office as one of the most popular presidents in the world and was widely expected to win reelection ― off the ballot in Brazil’s 2018 elections, before he was subsequently exonerated,” CEPR Director of International Policy Alex Main said. 

The messages mostly span March 2023 to March of this year, and were exchanged on an anonymous, private messaging platform called “Confide.” Aleaga, who leaked the messages to the US and Brazilian outlets, stated that he recorded and saved the messages (using a second mobile phone), and had them reviewed and certified by a digital forensics company. Drop Site News and The Intercept Brasil say they have reviewed the forensic report.

The messages appear to show Salazar divulging her own exceedingly unlawful behavior. In a clear case of politicization of justice, “Seño,” who Aleaga says is Salazar, admits to having delayed a corruption investigation against former president Guillermo Lasso and his brother-in-law and close business associate, Danilo Carrera, because they thought the investigation would help the left-of-center Movement of the Citizens’ Revolution, of former president Rafael Correa, in the 2023 snap elections.

“Seño” also made several claims regarding US involvement and political intervention in Ecuador. They boasted of their close relationship and collaboration with the US embassy and revealed that the embassy was worried that the “correistas” (supporters of former president Correa) might win in the 2023 elections, strongly implying that her actions were part of a broader strategy to stop the Left from winning in Ecuador. “They [the US] want RC’s head,” “Seño” told Aleaga. 

Following the Ecuadorian government’s invitation to the FBI to investigate the assassination of Villavicencio in August 2023, “Seño” claimed that Villavicencio had been a US government informant. “Seño” also claimed that several of the suspects in his murder, who were killed while in Ecuadorian government custody, were to have been sent to New York had they not been murdered. Verónica Sarauz, the slain candidate’s widow, recently appeared to confirm this, saying she had knowledge that the suspects were to be taken out of the country.

Other messages appear to show Salazar complaining that the FBI, who had been given access to Villavicencio’s phone, had transferred the phone’s contents to her office in a data dump, but that she suspected the FBI had erased information, which she considered to be “procedural fraud.”

In their exchanges, “Seño” unlawfully shares highly sensitive and confidential information about ongoing criminal investigations in Ecuador. The messages also suggest that Salazar used her privileged access to sensitive information, and the power of her office, to intimidate political actors or to warn them to flee imminent arrest or prosecution. In the case of Aleaga — with whom she had a “‘secretive’ relationship,” according to Drop Site News and The Intercept Brasil — the messages reveal that she warned him that his arrest was imminent, and told him to flee the country to avoid it.

In their investigation, Drop Site News and The Intercept Brasil describe the messages as part of a pattern of Salazar’s abuse of her authority. As such, they examine another scandal that recently emerged concerning the testimony of a former Ecuadorian judge, Wilman Terán, whom Salazar ordered be arrested in December in what appeared to be a politically motivated prosecutorial decision. In recent months, Terán has claimed that Salazar intimidated him into ruling against Correa’s 2020 appeal. In a highly politicized and expeditious court case, Correa — who has lived in Belgium since 2017 — was found guilty of exerting “psychic influence” on his collaborators to accept bribes. Terán also accused Salazar of hiding evidence from him. As in the case of Lula in 2018, this sentence prevented Correa from being a candidate in 2021. 

Terán also submitted his exchanges with Salazar for forensic examination, the results of which have been made public. In these messages, the attorney general displayed similar behavior as in the communications with Aleaga, sharing confidential information and warning of imminent prosecution. In a recent and blatant display of overreach that underscores her immense power, Salazar ordered raids on the offices and homes of two National Court of Justice judges for favoring Terán. These judges had ruled that Terán should be transferred to a different prison and be given greater access to his legal team after enduring “cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment.”

These shocking revelations about Salazar’s unlawful conduct, politicization of justice, and numerous ethical violations, echo similar exposés, reported in 2019 by The Intercept Brasil , on the highly politicized trial against former president Lula. These disclosures led the Brazilian Supreme Court to rule that Judge Sergio Moro had been biased in his treatment of Lula. Subsequent investigative reports published by Brazilian investigative outlet Agência Pública  revealed that US Department of Justice and FBI officials were deeply involved in the Lava Jato judicial operation that culminated in Lula’s jailing. US Members of Congress have twice requested that the US Attorney General share further information regarding the US role in Lava Jato, but have yet to receive a substantive response.  

New Revelations Raise Serious Questions about Ongoing US Support for Salazar  

These latest revelations raise serious questions about the United States’ potential involvement in politicized judicial processes in Ecuador and its ongoing support for Attorney General Diana Salazar, who is widely regarded as a US government protégé. In 2021, the State Department granted Salazar its annual anti-corruption award, lauding “her courageous actions” and praising her as “a role model to judges, lawyers, and prosecutors throughout South America.” In 2024, Salazar was one of the winners of the US government-funded Wilson Center’s Award for Public Service “ for her commitment to justice in Latin America .” The same year, Samantha Power, the US Agency for International Development administrator, eulogized Diana Salazar in TIME , lavishing praise on the Ecuadorian attorney general, who is “now spearheading the effort to prevent violent and well-connected drug traffickers from ruining her beloved country,” and “has earned the respect and support of a population desperate for calm and safety.” 

During her time in office, Salazar has frequently received US authorities, such as General Laura Richardson , the commander of the US Southern Command, and special advisor to President Biden Christopher Dodd , who reportedly told Salazar “you are not alone in this fight.” While in Washington, Salazar visited Attorney General Merrick Garland, who expressed support for the “continued cooperation and partnership with @FiscaliaEcuador in combating transnational organized crime and corruption.”

In Ecuador, Salazar has enjoyed the unflinching support of the US embassy, with regular public meetings and photo opportunities granting her significant political cover. When Salazar faced accusations of having plagiarized large chunks of her graduation thesis, US Ambassador Fitzpatrick responded to the accusations by posing, along with other diplomats, for a photo op alongside Salazar, and stating, “We reiterate our rejection of any violence or threat against the institutions and their representatives, and our attachment to respect for state institutions and the rule of law.” 

This conspicuous endorsement from successive US administrations and the US foreign policy establishment has given Salazar an aura of untouchability. But in recent months, there has been mounting criticism against Salazar for the politicization of her office. As a result, Salazar now faces impeachment proceedings in the National Assembly, where she stands accused of delaying prosecution in several high-profile criminal investigations, including the “ León de Troya, ” “ Encuentro, ” and “ INA Papers ” cases, which concern accusations of corruption against former presidents Lenín Moreno and Guillermo Lasso, and, in Lasso’s case, accusations of covering up his brother-in-law’s links with narcotics trafficking.

“Salazar faces impeachment proceedings and multiple accusations of ethics violations, but this latest news makes it clear that she is a political actor, and may have broken the law in order to achieve political aims,” Main said. “The time has come for Washington’s unwavering support for Salazar to cease, and for this political persecution in Ecuador to come to an end.”

August 29, 2024

• Op-Ed/Commentary Taxes Workers

Why ‘No Taxes on Tips’ Won’t Help Most Workers

Sylvia Allegretto / August 27, 2024

• Report Black Workers Economic Crisis and Recovery Inequality

The Best Black Economy in Generations – And Why It Isn’t Enough

Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, President, Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies and Algernon Austin / August 26, 2024

• Comunicado de prensa Elecciones América Latina y el Caribe Venezuela El Mundo

Estados Unidos debería apoyar los esfuerzos de Brasil, Colombia y México para encontrar una solución negociada al impasse electoral en Venezuela

Washington, DC — Un nuevo informe del Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) ofrece un análisis de las disputadas elecciones en Venezuela y esboza un camino a seguir para los actores internacionales, en particular Estados Unidos.

El informe recomienda que la administración Biden y otros actores internacionales apoyen los esfuerzos de Brasil, México y Colombia para llegar a un acuerdo negociado y permitan el avance de esfuerzos diplomáticos durante los cuatro meses previos a enero de 2025, cuando está previsto que comience el nuevo mandato presidencial en Venezuela. Los líderes de estos tres países cuentan con décadas de experiencia en el tratamiento de problemas análogos al actual conflicto en Venezuela, incluyendo conflictos electorales propios.

Desde las elecciones del 28 de julio, se han difundido dos series contradictorias de resultados: una del Consejo Nacional Electoral del país, según la cual el actual presidente, Nicolás Maduro, ganó por nueve puntos porcentuales; la otra, de la oposición venezolana, según la cual Edmundo González ganó por un margen de 37 puntos.

La oposición ha publicado miles de supuestas actas de escrutinio que parecen respaldar su afirmación; la autoridad electoral venezolana aún no ha publicado un desglose detallado de los resultados. Sin estos resultados detallados, es imposible verificar de forma independiente el anuncio de una victoria de Maduro por parte de las autoridades venezolanas.

Como señaló el CEPR antes de las elecciones, ni el gobierno ni la oposición aceptarían la victoria del otro, ya que ambas partes tenían razones válidas para cuestionar la imparcialidad de la votación. El informe señala que, aunque “se ha prestado mucha atención a los desafíos que la oposición venezolana ha enfrentado antes de las elecciones, ha habido poca discusión sobre el impacto de las amplias sanciones impuestas por Estados Unidos, y algunos de sus aliados europeos, y sobre cómo estas han hecho que sea prácticamente imposible tener una elección demócratica, o libre y justa en este momento”.

Las sanciones influyen en las elecciones por la destrucción masiva que han causado, estimada en mayor que el colapso económico padecido por Estados Unidos durante la Gran Depresión. También han causado al menos decenas de miles de muertos , lo que reduce claramente las posibilidades de reelección del presidente en funciones. Y lo que quizá sea aún más importante, millones de votantes venezolanos eran conscientes de que estas sanciones letales probablemente continuarían si reelegían el actual gobierno.

Aunque Estados Unidos ha mostrado cierto apoyo a la negociacion iniciada por estos países, su compromiso sigue siendo incierto, y podría cambiar tras la celebración de las elecciones estadounidenses. El informe muestra que los 25 años de intervención estadounidense en Venezuela, así como “[l]a historia de las dos últimas décadas de política exterior estadounidense en el hemisferio” harían que “cualquier observador racional desconfiara del papel potencial de Washington en un esfuerzo multilateral para resolver una crisis política, especialmente una en la que ya está profundamente comprometido a apoyar a un bando contra el otro”.

El informe señala que “volver a políticas anteriores fracasadas” no ayudará a resolver el conflicto y “ciertamente costará muchas vidas, y causará mucho más sufrimiento adicional”. Por todas estas y otras razones, el informe subraya que es especialmente importante apoyar los esfuerzos de Brasil, Colombia y México para contribuir a una solución negociada del conflicto. Los líderes de estos tres países “tienen décadas de experiencia lidiando con problemas análogos al actual conflicto en Venezuela, incluyendo desafíos electorales propios”. Estados Unidos debería apoyar los esfuerzos diplomáticos que se desarrollen en los cuatro meses que faltan hasta enero de 2025, cuando está previsto que comience el nuevo mandato presidencial en Venezuela.

August 22, 2024 22 Agosto 2024

• Informe Elecciones América Latina y el Caribe Venezuela El Mundo

CEPR CEPR / August 12, 2024 12 Agosto 2024

• Artículo Fondo Monetario Internacional Sobrecargos del FMI El Mundo

Alexander Main and Michael Galant Alexander Main y Michael Galant / July 03, 2024 03 Julio 2024

• Informe Coronavirus Globalización y comercio Organización Mundial del Comercio

¿Qué está en juego en la XIII Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC en Abu Dhabi este mes?

Deborah James Deborah James / February 24, 2024 24 Febrero 2024

Keep up with our latest news

Suscríbase a las últimas noticias.

Dean Baker's Beat the Press

There was a housing bubble in atlanta prior to the crash, september 07, 2024, more on beat the press, the media have not heard of the government accountability office, september 06, 2024, in the battle against inflation, we have already gone the last mile, september 03, 2024, yes folks, the profit share has risen since the pandemic, rents may already be falling, september 02, 2024, foreign policy talks to jake johnston about us sanctioning of haiti’s former president.

August 23, 2024

Give Peace a Chance in Haiti

/ July 10, 2024

First Kenyan Forces Arrive in Haiti as Part of Latest Foreign Intervention

/ June 26, 2024

Haiti News Round-Up No. 17: Transitional Presidential Council Selects Prime Minister

/ May 30, 2024

CEPR en los medios

U.s. treasury sanctions former haitian president.

Foreign Policy / August 23, 2024

Cuba Embargo Backers Lose Advocate with Resignation of Menendez

Roll Call / August 22, 2024

Por la paz y contra el autoritarismo: diputados progresistas de toda América se reúnen en Bogotá en su primer Congreso Panamericano

El País / 02 Agosto 2024

Recuperación económica y reestructuración de la deuda: lo que está en juego en las elecciones venezolanas

El País / 27 Julio 2024

Support Cepr

Apoyar a cepr, if you value cepr's work, support us by making a financial contribution., si valora el trabajo de cepr, apóyenos haciendo una contribución financiera..

Donate Apóyanos

Economic Research

The Economic Research Department conducts research on a wide range of topics in support of the Federal Reserve’s policy and public outreach functions.

Research is widely disseminated, including in leading peer-reviewed scholarly journals. The department has an active visiting scholar program, collaborates with global research groups, and hosts the Center for Pacific Basin Studies.

Our Research

Serving the public with innovative research and analysis

Economic Letters

Brief summaries of SF Fed economic research, intended to explain in reader-friendly terms what our work means for the people we serve

Timely analysis on the current economy, economic developments, and the outlook

Working Papers

Academic research by SF Fed economists and affiliates intended for publication in scholarly journals

Data & Indicators

Regularly updated data sets related to specific research by SF Fed Economists

Interested in learning more? Subscribe to FRBSF Economic Letters

Featured articles.

When Is Shelter Services Inflation Coming Down?

Wildfires and Real Estate Values in California

Pandemic-Era Liquid Wealth Is Running Dry

Bank Franchise as a Stabilizing Force

Recent Spike in Immigration and Easing Labor Markets

Breakeven Employment Growth

Research spotlight.

Take a look at some of the recent highlights from the Economic Research department

SF Fed Data Explorer

The SF Fed Data Explorer is an interactive tool that enables users to easily access labor market and inflation data to create meaningful charts. The tool is particularly useful for uncovering unique data patterns and insights that are difficult to glean from aggregate data.

Economic research

Center for 
Pacific Basin Studies

The Center for Pacific Basin Studies promotes cooperation among central banks in the Pacific Basin and provides insight and analysis on economic policy issues affecting the region.

Featured Economists

Meet our economists, visiting researchers, and management team.

Adam Shapiro VP, Macroeconomic Analysis

Luiz Oliveira Lead Associate Economist

Hamza Abdelrahman Senior Economic Analyst

Evgeniya Duzhak Regional Policy Economist

Andrew Foerster Senior Research Advisor

Stephie Fried Research Advisor

Explore archive.

Columbia University Libraries

Economics research guide: home.

• Economic Data
• International Macroeconomics
• US Economic Data
• Finding Articles
• Political Economics

Find Books Journal or Database

• CLIO Columbia and Barnard catalog
• Columbia University Archives
• EDUCAT Teachers College Catalog
• Pegasus Law Library Catalog

Library Services

• Ask A Librarian
• Borrow Direct
• Inter-Campus Delivery Service
• Interlibrary Loan
• Recommend a title for purchase
• Report E-Resource problem
• Room Reservation
• Scan & Deliver: Electronic Document Delivery

Major Economics Database

• American Economic Association website
• Discussion papers: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
• Economic Report of the President
• IMF e-Library
• NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research
• OECD Library
• Statistical Abstracts Series
• The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics compiled a list of statistical site on the web.
• World databank

Major E-book collections

• Cambridge books online
• Ebook Central
• EBSCO eBook collection
• Handbooks in Economics: 2001 to present
• Sage Knowledge
• SpringerLink
• Wiley online library

Major Newspapers

• Financial Times-FT.com
• New York Times- NYTimes.com
• Nikkei Asia
• Wall Street Journal- WSJ.com

E-Journals & Databases for literature search

• American Economic Review
• Bloomberg Businessweek
• Business source complete
• Columbia International Affairs Online
• The economist
• Institutional investor
• ProQuest central
• Social Science Research Network : SSRN

Watson Library Research Librarian

Watson Library Blog

Find out the latest news about library resources!

Free Resources

• Chegg Learn A free, easy to access tool that showcases key content for different courses like Statistics, Economics, Physics, Accounting and more
• Directory of Open Access Books
• Economic Data freely available online Lists some links that you may find useful for accessing statistics and other information.
• Economic Network The Economics Network is based at and supported by the University of Bristol. It receives funding from the Royal Economic Society, the Scottish Economic Society and more than fifty subscribing university departments.
• Library of Economics and Liberty - EconLib.org
• WallStreet Mojo This is a free database that has 290+ resources covering topics like behavioral economics, fiscal policy, capitalism, globalization, monetary policy, and much more. Plus, our economics courses will enhance your behavioral and professional understanding of the concept. Just hover over the topic that interests or bothers you, and you will get your answers in one place.
• Next: Economic Data >>
• Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 12:28 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.columbia.edu/ECON
• Donate Books or Items
• Suggestions & Feedback
• Report an E-Resource Problem
• The Bancroft Prizes
• Student Library Advisory Committee
• Jobs & Internships
• Behind the Scenes at Columbia's Libraries

An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know keyboard_arrow_down

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Jump to main content

Economic research

USPTO economists study all aspects of intellectual property (IP) to better understand the determinants of innovation and to support evidence-based policy making. The  Office of the Chief Economist (OCE)  leads these efforts through engagement with scholars, collaboration on research projects, and conference events. OCE also releases  datasets on USPTO patents and trademarks  to advance economic research on IP. 

Recent working paper – “ Untapped Potential: Investigating Gender Disparities in Patent Citations"

OCE recently published a new working paper, " Untapped Potential: Investigating Gender Disparities in Patent Citations ". The paper explores why majority-female inventor teams receive up to 22% fewer citations than patents by majority-male inventor teams. The research also addresses gender disparity's impact on future patents and potential impacts on innovation more broadly.

For more information, read the working paper .

Economic analysis

• Articles, reports, and working papers

Research datasets

• IP infographics

Economic resources

• PatentsView
• Spring 2024 eNewsletter
• Research mission
• Croak Visiting Scholars Program

There are currently no upcoming events for this topic.

Sign up for news and alerts from the Office of the Chief Economist. Questions for OCE can be directed to [email protected] . 

Additional information about this page

Certificate in Health Economics & Outcomes Research

The online 9-month, part-time health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) Certificate is tailored for individuals seeking an introduction to HEOR, including professionals in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, clinicians and other health care professionals, graduate degree holders, and graduate degree students.

HEOR has become increasingly important. Providing affordable health care while maintaining the best possible health outcomes is a challenge to all governments and health care payers. This is especially true in the United States, which spends almost twice as much per capita compared to other high-income countries yet has substantially poorer health outcomes. Major drivers of the spending gap include higher administrative costs and the higher prices of devices and pharmaceuticals in the US.

As health care becomes more complex, health care decisions can be improved by combining information from economic analyses (health economics) and vital clinical data on patients (outcomes research) to evaluate health care  value . HEOR informs health care decision-making by allowing stakeholders, especially payers, health care providers, and patients, to understand the clinical, economic, and quality of life endpoints of various treatments and health care practices. Individuals seeking an introduction to HEOR, including professionals in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, clinicians and other health care professionals, graduate degree holders, and graduate degree students, are encouraged to apply.

Benefits of the HEOR Certificate Program

• The flexible online format is perfect for local or global participation
• Students experience live webinars, active discussion boards and asynchronous lectures
• Program faculty are experts in clinical investigation, clinical epidemiology, health services research, outcomes research, meta-analysis, biostatistics, drug development, and related fields.
• No thesis is required
• Faculty post all required reading materials on the course website, so there are no books or materials that participants need to purchase.

New NBER Papers

Latest books.

The Digest is a free monthly publication featuring non-technical summaries of research on topics of broad public interest.

Subscribe to the Free Digest

The Reporter

The Reporter is a free quarterly publication featuring program updates, affiliates writing about their research, and news about the NBER.

Subscribe to the Free Reporter

The Bulletin on Retirement & Disability

The Bulletin on Retirement and Disability summarizes research in the NBER's Retirement and Disabiy Research Center. A quarterly, it is distributed digitally and is free.

Subscribe to the Free Bulletin on Retirement & Disability

The Bulletin on Health

The Bulletin on Health summarizes recent NBER Working Papers pertaining to health topics. It is distributed digitally three times a year and is free.

Subscribe to the Free Bulletin on Health

The Bulletin on Entrepreneurship

Introducing recent NBER entrepreneurship research and the scholars who conduct it

Subscribe to the Free Bulletin on Entrepreneurship

Economic Research Consultant for Agriculture

🔍 washington dc, united states - headquarters.

What you'll need

• Education : Bachelor's degree in Economics.
• Experience : Minimum of 2 years of technical professional experience in empirical data analysis; solid training in Econometrics, Applied Micro-Econometrics, and Spatial Econometrics; advanced management of STATA software; management of databases associated with questionnaires with a minimum of 300 questions.
• Languages : Fluent in Spanish and English. Ability to communicate and write in English.

Key Skills 

• Continuous learning.
• Collaborate and share knowledge.
• Focus on customers.
• Communicate and influence.
• Innovate and try new things.

Requirements

• Citizenship: You are a citizen of one of our 48 member countries.
• Consanguinity: You have no relatives (up to the fourth degree of consanguinity and second degree of affinity, including spouse) who work in the IDB Group.

Type of contract and duration

• Type of contract and modality:  Full-time international consultant.
• Duration of the contract : 12 months.
• Job Location : Washington, D.C.

What we offer

The IDB Group offers benefits that respond to the different needs and moments of an employee's life. These benefits include:

• A competitive remuneration package.
• Leave and vacations: 2 days per month of contract + parental leave without distinction of gender.
• Health insurance: IDB Group provides a monthly allowance for the purchase of health insurance.
• Savings Plan: The IDB Group cares about your future and, depending on the length of the contract, you will receive an allowance for a monthly savings plan.
• We offer relocation assistance and visa applications for you and your family, where applicable.
• Flexible and hybrid work schedules
• Development Support: We offer learning opportunities to enhance your professional profile, such as seminars, one-on-one career counseling, and more.
• Health & Wellness:  Access to our Health Services Center that provides employees with preventive care and health education.
• Other benefits: Breastfeeding room, nursery, gym, bike rack, parking, and others.

Our Culture

At the IDB Group, we work for all people to do their best and bring their true selves to work, to be willing to try new approaches without fear, to be accountable for their actions and to receive retribution for them.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Sense of Belonging (DEIB) are the pillars of our organization. We celebrate all dimensions of diversity and encourage women, LGBTQ+, people with disabilities, Black and Indigenous people to apply.

We will ensure that individuals with disabilities are provided with reasonable accommodations to participate in the job interview process. If you are a qualified candidate who has a disability, please email us at [email protected] to request reasonable accommodations in order to complete this application.

Our Human Resources Team thoroughly reviews each application.

About the IDB Group

The IDB Group, comprised of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), IDB Invest and IDB Lab, offers flexible financing solutions to its member countries to finance economic and social development through loans and grants to public and private entities in Latin America and the Caribbean.

About the IDB

The Inter-American Development Bank's mission is to improve lives. Founded in 1959, the IDB is one of the main sources of long-term financing for economic, social and institutional development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB also conducts cutting-edge research projects and provides policy advice, technical assistance, and training to public and private clients throughout the region.

https://www.linkedin.com/company/inter-american-development-bank/

https://www.facebook.com/IADB.org

https://twitter.com/the_IDB

• External Opening Date: Sep 2, 2024
• External Closing Date: Sep 6, 2024
• External Contact Email: [email protected]
• External Contact Name: HR Service Center
• Job Field: Technical Support

Previous Job Searches

Create and manage profiles for future opportunities.

My Submissions

Track your opportunities.

Similar Listings

 Washington DC, United States - Headquarters

📁 Technical Support

Post Date: 5 days ago

Post Date: Aug 20, 2024

Post Date: Aug 27, 2024

Research on Tap: Addressing Health Inequities through a Health Economics Lens

Tuesday, october 29 | 4-6 pm, kilachand center eichenbaum colloquium room (room 101) 610 commonwealth ave boston, ma 02215.

Host: Sarah Gordon, Assistant Professor, Health Law, Policy, & Management (SPH)

Health inequities are differences in health status between different population groups that arise from the conditions in which people are born, live, work, and age. Many factors influence these conditions, including employment, education, income, geography, as well as health care markets, policies, and delivery system structures. Understanding how these drivers compound across individual, community, and societal levels and identifying evidence-based strategies to reduce health inequities requires interdisciplinary perspectives and collaboration.

This Research on Tap will showcase research from BU faculty in public health, economics, business, social work, and medicine that explores how policies and economic conditions shape inequities in health care access, quality, and outcomes.

About Research on Tap

The Research on Tap series, sponsored by the BU Office of Research, brings together groups of BU researchers around important topics. At each event, 10-12 researchers present a maximum of four slides and deliver a four-minute “elevator pitch” of their work. Research on Tap events are open to faculty, staff, postdocs, and graduate students. Each presentation is followed by refreshments and lively discussion with colleagues and potential collaborators.

Information For...

« RETURN TO NEWS

A&T to Drive AI Innovation, Economic Development in Collaboration with NVIDIA

By Alana V. Allen / 09/06/2024 Strategic Partnerships and Economic Development

• 4-H and Youth Development News
• Academic Affairs News
• Accounting and Finance News
• Administration and Instructional Services News
• Admissions News
• Agribusiness, Applied Economics and Agriscience Education News
• Agricultural and Natural Resources News
• Alumni News
• Animal Sciences News
• Applied Engineering Technology News
• Athletics News
• Biology News
• Built Environment News
• Business and Finance News
• Business Education News
• Chancellor's Speaker Series
• Chancellors Town Hall Series
• Chemical, Biological, and Bio Engineering News
• Chemistry News
• Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering News
• College News
• Community and Rural Development News
• Computational Science and Engineering News
• Computer Science News
• Computer Systems Technology News
• Cooperative Extension News
• Counseling News
• Criminal Justice News
• Deese College News
• Economics News
• Educator Preparation News
• Electrical and Computer Engineering News
• Employees News
• Energy and Environmental Systems News
• English Department News
• Family and Consumer Sciences News
• Graphic Design Technology News
• Hairston College News
• Headlines News
• History & Political Science News
• Honors College News
• Human Resources News
• Industrial and Systems Engineering News
• Information Technology Services News
• Innovation Station News
• Journalism & Mass Communication
• Kinesiology News
• Leadership Studies and Adult Education News
• Liberal Studies News
• Library News
• Magazine News
• Management News
• Marketing News
• Mathematics News
• Mechanical Engineering News
• Media Spotlight News
• Natural Resources and Environmental Design News
• News Categories
• Nursing News
• Psychology News
• Research News
• Social Work News
• Student Affairs News
• Students News
• The Graduate College News
• Transportation & Supply Chain
• University Advancement News
• Visual & Performing Arts News

EAST GREENSBORO, N.C. (Sept. 6, 2024) – North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University today announced it has entered a collaboration with NVIDIA aimed at accelerating North Carolina’s economic growth, enhancing workforce capabilities and fostering innovation across key sectors, helping further position the university as a leader in research and technology.

This collaboration aligns with N.C. A&T’s goal to achieve Carnegie Classification R1 research status, the highest classification of research institutions in the United States. By leveraging NVIDIA’s AI technology and resources, A&T will boost its research capacity in fields critical to economic and human advancement.

“Through this impactful relationship, North Carolina A&T and NVIDIA will enhance a foundation for collaboration and innovation, economic development and workforce preparedness, and groundbreaking research,” said Timothy Minor, interim vice chancellor for the Division of Strategic Partnerships and Economic Development. “By integrating AI into every facet of learning, A&T is equipped to prepare students and faculty to find solutions to problems and meet the industry demands for talent in North Carolina and the nation.”

“Workforce enablement is foundational to economic development, and equipping students and faculty with AI training and tools is key to setting them up to foster generative AI innovation,” said Louis Stewart, head of Strategic Initiatives for Developer Ecosystem at NVIDIA. “This collaboration has the potential to greatly elevate NC A&T’s research capabilities and make a lasting impact on North Carolina’s economy and technology ecosystem.”

Key objectives of the collaboration are:

• Research Enhancement. The collaboration will strengthen A&T’s research initiatives in areas such as AI, cybersecurity, biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. These fields are pivotal to the university’s strategic mission of achieving R1 status, reflecting A&T’s commitment to groundbreaking research and innovation.
• Educational Excellence. Working with NVIDIA, A&T will develop and refine educational programs, equipping students with the critical AI skills needed to thrive in the global tech industry. This initiative aims to place A&T graduates at the forefront of technological innovation, preparing them for careers in technology.
• Economic Development. The collaboration seeks to harness AI to drive economic growth in North Carolina’s key industries, including energy, biotechnology, and information technology. This AI-driven transformation will create new opportunities for businesses and communities, helping solidify North Carolina’s position as a tech hub.
• Inclusivity and Community Engagement. As part of the initiative, A&T will work with NVIDIA to foster a diverse and inclusive technology ecosystem by engaging with community stakeholders, helping ensure that the benefits of AI innovation reach underserved populations.

“A&T is preparing the next generation of socially conscious leaders, pioneering researchers, visionary entrepreneurs, and global change-makers to transform lives and improve the human condition,” said Tonya Smith-Jackson, Ph.D., provost and executive vice chancellor for Academic Affairs. “Advanced technology, including generative AI, is integral to that mission.

“Our collaboration with NVIDIA supports synergies that our students and faculty can both contribute to and benefit from, such as advanced research applications, innovations in teaching and learning, and new ways to drive economic empowerment, particularly for those who are underserved. We appreciate the forward-thinking vision of NVIDIA and its recognition that a collaboration with A&T will undoubtedly serve the state, nation and globe.”

Media Contact Information: [email protected]

Latest News

09/06/2024 in Strategic Partnerships and Economic Development

N.C. A&T Charts New Enrollment Record: 14,311

09/06/2024 in Admissions , Student Affairs , Alumni , Students , Honors College , The Graduate College

Wall Street Journal: A&T is No. 1 Public HBCU In America

09/06/2024 in Academic Affairs , Student Affairs , Alumni , Students

This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. To learn more about cookies, click here .

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/09/new-report-highlights-economic-value-neutron-science-us-industry

New Report Highlights Economic Value of Neutron Science to U.S. Industry

• Research using neutron beams provides an economic return far larger than the cost of building and operating neutron facilities, according to an economic impact analysis.
• The study presented four case studies involving the impact of neutron research on different technologies, highlighting the value of neutron science to varied sectors of the economy.
• The study also highlighted how the lack of domestic capacity in neutron science has negatively impacted U.S. innovation and offered recommendations on how to strengthen U.S. programs in the field.

Federal facilities that offer neutron beams for U.S. industry play an outsized role in bringing new goods to market more quickly and cost-effectively, according to an analysis of neutron science’s economic impact.  

The study , conducted by the nonprofit research institute RTI International , focuses on quantifying the national economic benefits derived from investments in three neutron scattering facilities operated by the U.S. government: the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), the   Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) High-Flux Isotope Reactor, and the ORNL Spallation Neutron Source. The study, funded through a cooperative agreement with NIST, also provides insights into ways of keeping the United States competitive moving forward in areas involving neutron research, including infrastructure needs.

Neutrons are subatomic particles that can penetrate materials more deeply than can X-rays and other probes of matter. Researchers can use neutron beams to discover new things about the properties of materials, making neutrons important in scientific research fields from materials science to the physical and life sciences . Neutrons often reveal what X-rays cannot; for example, they can more easily image and study light atoms such as hydrogen. Hydrogen is common in living things and organic matter, making neutrons invaluable for scientific research related to drug development . 

However, U.S. neutron scattering capacity has been declining since the 1990s. In 1985, the United States had five federal laboratories with neutron scattering capacity. Currently, only NIST and ORNL support neutron scattering instruments and offer large-scale “open user” programs, which allow interested parties from other institutions to conduct research using NIST’s and ORNL’s instruments.

RTI reports four different case studies of technologies influenced by research conducted at the three neutron facilities from 1998-2020. In addition to the case studies, RTI surveyed and interviewed 247 users of the facilities about their research results and analyzed the publications, patents and collaborative research networks formed at the facilities. 

Among the findings: 

• The facilities more than pay for themselves:  The combined benefits of the scientific research described in the four case studies would fully cover the construction and operating costs of NCNR and the two Oak Ridge facilities, even if only 6%-11% of the benefits were attributable to neutron scattering research. 
• A cost-benefit analysis of the case studies indicates a substantial economic return as well: Assuming neutron scattering accelerated the development of the selected case studies’ technologies by just two years — a conservative estimate, according to expert testimony RTI obtained — the estimated rate of return is 2.67. In other words, for every dollar invested in the facilities, they returned $2.67 to the U.S. economy. And this was just four of the dozens of technologies and products that neutron research has influenced. 
• The report suggests that the findings represent a small portion of total innovation influenced by neutron scattering infrastructure. RTI identified more than 22,000 scientific publications and 1,565 patents resulting from research conducted at federal neutron facilities between 1960 and 2020. 

RTI further identified at least 372 U.S.-based companies that are known to have used at least one of the U.S. federal neutron sources. These include enterprises of large to small scale across nearly every industry in the United States.

Despite these benefits, most facility users RTI surveyed indicated that they had difficulty performing their research due to inadequate domestic capacity for neutron measurement science. A survey of 247 facility users identified that 77% of these respondents experienced issues due to insufficient capacity in the five years before facility shutdowns in 2020. Of the survey sample, 19% took research they could not complete in the United States to an international facility. 

RTI offered recommendations for strengthening the U.S. neutron scattering system, including forming a federal leadership task force to create a decade-long plan for U.S. neutron scattering facilities, maintaining adequate funding for the three facilities that exist, and constructing new facilities to augment their capacity. 

Report: A.C. Walsh, S. Nienow, J.M.S. Merker, E.C. Decker, C.N Strack, M.E. Salem, G. Martin and B. Shaw.  Assessment of the retrospective and prospective economic impacts of investments in U.S. neutron research sources and facilities from 1960 to 2030: Final report . RTI International. Published May 2024.