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PhD Programs in Forensic Science – Accredited Doctoral Programs

There are various doctoral programs in forensic science for forensics professionals with niche research interests, several years of experience, and an unbreakable work ethic. While most of the programs at this level fall into one of the discipline’s subfields, such as chemistry, clinical psychology, or anthropology, there are a few terminal degree options in forensic science.

Preparation at the PhD level is crucial to furthering the discipline of forensic science for several reasons. First, graduate students and professors are typically responsible for revolutionizing the technologies and methods behind forensic technologies. By illustration, Discover Magazine published a piece on Dr. Robert Hare—one of the pioneers in forensic psychology—and explained that in the 1950s, he was working in uncharted waters. Dr. Hare is well-known for his Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), which he developed in 1980 to identify psychopathic tendencies. While forensic psychology was still in its infancy, this groundbreaking researcher pinpointed 20 items associated with psychopathy, including exhibiting a lack of empathy, impulsivity, a tendency toward short-term relationships, and a failure to take responsibility for one’s actions.

Dr. Hare was also one of the first researchers to use physiological arousal studies to study the disease. People with mental illness generally do not show the same arousal in response to stressful stimuli as control subjects. Dr. Hare is one example of a forensic scientist who pioneered new methods in the subfield of clinical psychology to measure mental illness.

Second, achieving a terminal degree in forensic science may require employment at the highest levels of universities, forensic laboratories, research organizations, and other institutions. Having a PhD can enhance one’s candidacy for leadership and teaching positions and may also increase one’s salary potential.

Lastly, it may be wise to pursue a PhD in forensic science or a subfield to prepare oneself for professional certification. In fact, several credentialing boards of the discipline require applicants to have a doctoral degree, including the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA), the American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO), and the American Board of Forensic Toxicologists (ABFT), specifically for credentialing at the Fellow level. In addition, please visit the forensic science careers page to learn more about the credentialing organizations accredited by the esteemed Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board (FSAB).

Read on to learn about the wealth of accredited PhD programs in forensic science and the relevant psychology, chemistry, and anthropology subfields.

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Doctoral degree programs in forensics.

While few doctoral programs focus exclusively on forensic science, there are many PhD options in the varied subfields. Prospective students in forensics are urged to verify the accreditation status of their institutions and programs. To learn more about accreditation, please read the section at the end.

Doctoral Degree Program Requirements

To gain entry into a PhD program, admissions committees typically call for the following from students:

• Official transcripts from all undergraduate (and graduate) institutions with a stellar GPA (e.g., >3.5)
• Proof of having completed specific coursework in a relevant major (e.g., forensic science, natural science, chemistry, biology)
• A resume with one to two years of professional experience in forensic science
• Letters of recommendation
• A personal statement (typically 1,000 words or less)
• Interview (in-person, phone, or web-based)
• Competitive Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores
• GRE Subject Test scores (generally optional)
• TOEFL scores (for non-native speakers of English only)
• Proof of professional publications (recommended, but not always required)
• A background check (especially for competitive internships for program credit)
• Application fee

Doctoral Programs in Forensic Science

There are currently limited options at the PhD level for forensic science programs, but they are on the rise.

Sam Houston State University

At Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, students can pursue a doctor of philosophy (PhD) in forensic science. As one of the only programs in the US, this 86-credit-hour program generally takes four to five years of full-time study to complete. Sam Houston’s curriculum comprises core coursework, electives, and dissertation research.

In addition, the degree plan includes classes such as forensic instrumental analysis; trace and microscopical analysis; forensic toxicology; research methods; and forensic laboratory management.

Notably, Sam Houston State University has a master’s degree in forensic science that is FEPAC-accredited.

• Location: Huntsville, TX
• Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Four to five years

West Virginia University

West Virginia University (WVU), based in Morgantown, is another program that offers a PhD specifically focused on forensic science. According to the school, the program “is strongly science-based and prepares students to work across the foundations of criminalistics.”

WVU is the only school in the nation boasting forensics programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. WVU’s bachelor’s and master’s programs are accredited by the prestigious Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC). FEPAC is the gold standard in program approvals for forensic science at the bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

Applicants to the PhD program should possess a bachelor’s or research-based master’s degree from an accredited university or college which includes at least one year of the following courses: fundamentals of chemistry, biology, organic chemistry, physics, or calculus. They should have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0 and GRE scores of 300 or better.

Students in this program must successfully complete a minimum of 71 credits. Each student may apply a maximum of 31 credits of research toward the 71-credit requirement and the remaining 40 credits must be earned in graduate-level courses in forensic science. The program also includes a dissertation proposal presentation, an oral defense of the dissertation, and an oral qualifying examination.

The curriculum includes courses such as foundations of criminalistics; forensic informatics; forensic laboratory management; trace evidence examination; research design in forensic science; arson and explosives analysis; analysis of seized drugs; and analytical forensic toxicology.

• Location: Morgantown, WV
• Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission (HLC)

Doctoral Programs in Forensic Psychology

The American Psychological Association’s (APA) American Psychology-Law Society maintains a detailed guide to legal and forensic psychology programs. In addition, there are PhD programs and PsyD and PhD/JD combined options.

Palo Alto University

Palo Alto University (PAU) in California provides a four-year PhD in clinical psychology with a forensic area of emphasis. Core coursework for this specialized PhD includes forensic assessment, an advanced forensic psychology seminar, assessment and treatment of trauma in adults, child and adolescent development, biological psychology, psychopharmacology, adult development and aging, neuropsychological assessment, and cross-cultural issues in psychology.

In addition, by dividing students into small, faculty-guided research groups, PAU ensures that students get empirical instruction in research methods and proper leadership through all phases of developing their dissertations.

• Location: Palo Alto, CA
• Accreditation: WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC); American Psychological Association (APA)
• Expected Time to Completion: Three years

Sam Houston University

Sam Houston University provides a 108-credit PhD program in clinical psychology with a forensic emphasis. In addition to clinical training and coursework, the forensic track helps students specialize in applying psychology to legal issues by learning how to perform court evaluations, mental health assessments, court consultations, and more.

The program’s coursework includes classes related to profession-wide competencies, discipline-specific knowledge, and forensic psychology as well as dissertation, thesis, practicum, and internship credits.

Sam Houston’s forensic psychology classes include psychopathology; assessment of personality and psychopathology; assessment of intelligence and achievement; cognitive and affective bases of behavior; law and social psychology; forensic assessment; and mental health law.

• Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC); American Psychological Association (APA)

Doctoral Programs in Forensic Chemistry

Forensic chemistry specializes in forensic science and can provide many career avenues. For example, forensic chemists holding PhDs can go on to work at a university in academia or may end up heading a forensic research lab.

Florida International University

Florida International University (FIU) in Miami is one of the top 25 largest universities in the nation and provides a PhD program in chemistry, forensic sciences, and biochemistry. With over 100 graduate students and a $4 million annual research budget, FIU’s Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry has a multidisciplinary approach to the forensic science field.

For example, the forensic science track focuses on the environmental impact of trace elements (e.g., mercury and arsenic), an essential line of work primarily in the wake of the Flint, Michigan water crisis. Other projects involve the study of hydrocarbons, airborne particulate matter, free radicals, and organophosphates. The forensic track also focuses on advanced aspects of biomedical research, such as the synthesis of essential molecules, protease enzymes, and how macular pigments are impacted by diet and nutrition.

Notably, Florida International University has a bachelor’s as well as a master’s degree in forensic science that is FEPAC-accredited.

• Location: Miami, FL

University at Albany

The University at Albany in Albany, New York, offers a PhD in analytical and forensic chemistry. This program is committed to advancing the techniques in forensic analysis at a molecular level and features classes such as advanced forensic chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, analytical methods, comprehensive biochemistry, experimental methods of organic structure determination, and a forensic drug chemistry internship.

Finally, all students must pass the American Chemical Society graduate exams in organic and physical chemistry and inorganic or biological chemistry.

• Location: Albany, NY
• Accreditation: Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
• Expected Time to Completion: Three to five years

University of Central Florida

The University of Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando offers a PhD in chemistry and four concentration areas: materials chemistry; environmental chemistry; biochemistry; and forensic science.

The 72-credit forensic science program requires coursework in forensic analysis of explosives; forensic molecular biology; forensic analysis of ignitable liquids; forensic analysis of biological materials; population genetics and genetic data; frontiers in chemistry; radiochemistry; advanced instrumental analysis; and directed research in forensic science. Students at UCF will also have access to the National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS), a highly regarded research center.

• Location: Orlando, FL

Doctoral Programs in Forensic Anthropology

Forensic anthropology is an essential part of the crime-solving goals of all forensic sciences. PhD programs in forensic anthropology will allow students to deepen their understanding of how human remains and other evidence can help in the legal process.

University of Florida

The University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville provides a PhD program in biological anthropology focusing on forensic science. Students receive advanced instruction in recovering human remains and analyzing trauma. Classes include evolutionary biology; human gross anatomy; biostatistics; forensic pathology; biomechanics; archaeology; human development; and radiology and osteology.

UF also boasts a state-of-the-art forensics lab: the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory (CAPHIL), which services other agencies around the state. This school’s multidisciplinary approach to forensic anthropology involves collaboration with departments in entomology, laboratory medicine, and soil and water analyses. Please note that this program is highly competitive, with fewer than 3 percent of applicants gaining admission. Typical admittees have high GPAs (>3.5) and GRE scores are not required for admission.

• Location: Gainesville, FL

The University of South Florida

University of South Florida (USF) in Tampa offers a doctoral program in applied anthropology. In addition, students may choose a concentration in archeological and forensic sciences (AFS). The program requires 42 credits beyond the master’s degree. The concentration in archeological and forensic sciences includes courses such as seminars in archaeology; forensic anthropology; advanced methods in forensic anthropology; introduction to forensic sciences; and bioarchaeology.

As the first institution in the US to offer a doctoral-level degree in applied anthropology, USF helps forensic anthropology students prepare for careers in the public and private sectors.

• Location: Tampa, FL

International PhD Programs in Forensic Sciences

For forensic science professionals seeking to advance their knowledge while living abroad, there are some PhD programs in forensic science in other countries.

Deakin University

Among them is a doctoral program at Australia’s Deakin University. Deakin, based in Geelong in the state of Victoria, provides a PhD program in chemistry, biotechnology, and forensic sciences.

Key research emphases at Deakin include forensic chemistry, forensic biology, forensic entomology, materials chemistry, and agricultural biotechnology, to name a few.

• Location: Geelong, Victoria, AUS
• Accreditation: N/A

Hybrid and Online Graduate Programs in Forensic Science

The American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) recognizes several online graduate programs related to forensic science. Still, there are no PhDs in forensic science that students can complete 100 percent online. This is mainly due to the importance of being present in a lab to analyze research findings and learn the empirical techniques of forensic science in a clinical context.

Oklahoma State University offers a notable PhD in forensic science program in a hybrid format.

Oklahoma State University

Oklahoma State University offers a PhD in forensic science program which is a highly interdisciplinary research degree involving advanced coursework in several forensic disciplines. Graduates of this PhD will have advanced knowledge conversant in a broader range of forensic disciplines than one with a master’s degree.

Applicants to the program must have a master’s degree. The curriculum includes courses such as survey of forensic sciences; technical aspects of forensic document examination; quality assurance in forensic science; ethics in forensic leadership; fire dynamics in forensic investigations; population genetics for the forensic scientist; advanced forensic laboratory experience; and forensic osteology and anthropology.

• Location: Tulsa, OK
• Expected Time to Completion: Four years

That said, there are some online programs related to forensic science, including:

University of Massachusetts

University of Massachusetts offers a graduate certificate in forensic criminology that can be completed entirely online. Courses completed in this certificate can be applied toward UMass Lowell’s online master’s degree in criminal justice.

The program’s 12-credit curriculum includes courses such as criminal profiling; forensic psychology; victimology; and sex crimes and offenders.

• Location: Lowell, MA
• Accreditation: New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)
• Expected Time to Completion: Nine months

University of North Dakota

The University of North Dakota offers an online master’s degree in forensic psychology preparing students for a variety of psychology-related careers in the criminal justice and legal systems. This top-ranked online program is offered entirely online on a part-time basis and can be completed in about two years.

Applicants to the program must have a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university with a behavioral or social science major allied with psychology and a cumulative undergraduate grade point average of 3.0 or above. There are no residency requirements or GRE requirements.

Made up of 30 credits, the program includes courses such as psychology and law; research methods in forensic psychology; cognitive psychology; eyewitness testimony memory; diversity psychology; and behavior pathology, among others.

• Location: Grand Forks, ND
• Expected Time to Completion: Two years

The University of Florida (UF) UF offers four online master’s programs related to forensics which can also be completed as web-based, 12 to 15-credit graduate certificates. These may be ideal for master’s-prepared forensic scientists seeking to enhance their knowledge in a subfield before committing to a PhD program. The four featured subfields at UF include forensic drug chemistry, forensic death investigation, forensic DNA and serology, and forensic toxicology.

While there are limited distance-based options for PhD programs in forensic science, some advanced programs in the subfield of digital forensics offer web-based coursework.

For example, Sam Houston State University offers a PhD in digital and cyber forensic science. This program is intended for students who have a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering, digital forensics, or computing science, and provides students with the conceptual, theoretical, computational, and methodological skills needed to understand the role of cyber and digital forensic science in post-technological societies.

Students in this program must complete 85 credits beyond the bachelor’s degree. Courses include file system forensics; cyber forensics principles; ethics for digital forensics; operating system forensics; network forensic analysis; mobile device forensics; live system & memory forensics; and computational forensics, among others.

Purdue Polytechnic Institute

The Purdue Polytechnic offers a PhD in technology with a specialization in cyber forensics. Students in this specialization will complete all the requirements of the PhD in technology degree along with 15 credits in core cyber forensics courses. Courses include basic computer forensics; advanced research topics in cyber forensics; cyber forensics of file systems; and cyber forensics of malware.

• Location: West Lafayette, IN

Please visit the online forensic science programs page to learn more about distance-based options in this field.

Common Courses and Requirements for Forensic Science PhD Programs

To complete a PhD program in forensic science, students typically need to complete the following:

• Advanced didactic coursework (generally 60-85 credit-hours)
• Internships, externships, or clinical practicums
• A dissertation on original scientific research
• Oral examination (i.e., oral defense of one’s thesis or dissertation to a program committee)
• Other exams (e.g., American Chemical Society graduate-level exams for forensic chemists)

These programs generally take four to six years to complete.

Organized by the popular subfields of forensic science, here are typical classes within each of the doctoral programs discussed above:

PhD in forensic science: forensic instrumental analysis, law and forensic sciences, forensic toxicology, controlled substance analysis, trace and microscopical analysis, ethical conduct, scientific communications, research methods, forensic lab management, forensic analysis of ignitable liquids, population genetics and genetic data analysis, forensic analysis of explosives

PhD in forensic psychology: mental health law, developmental psychopathology, psychological assessment, research methodology, psychometrics, multicultural psychology, effective intervention, theories and methods of diagnosis, experimental design, advanced statistics, consultation and supervision

PhD in forensic chemistry: microscopy, DNA in forensics, applied organic synthesis, chemical thermodynamics, kinetics and catalysis, drug chemistry, computer-assisted data analysis, questioned documents, toxicology, comprehensive biochemistry, advanced synthesis laboratory, toolmark and ballistics analysis, infrared spectroscopy, chromatography, solid phase extraction, medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, techniques in polymer science

PhD in forensic anthropology: forensic entomology, human growth and development, comparative analysis, archaeological methods and techniques, human variation, evolutionary medicine, anthropology of genocide, biophotography

Forensic Science Programmatic and Institutional Accreditation

Aspiring PhD candidates are encouraged to verify the accreditation status of their schools and programs. This program approval process is essential for several reasons. It helps establish a requisite quality level in the faculty, curricula, student outcomes, program resources, and other aspects that can impact a student’s education and experience. Also, graduating from an accredited institution may be a prerequisite to professional credentialing for some organizations.

There are two main types of accreditation: programmatic and institutional.

Programmatic Accreditation

The Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC) is the gold standard for programmatic accreditation. As of early 2024, FEPAC has not accredited any PhD programs. However, it is worthy of note that West Virginia University (WVU) has both FEPAC-accredited bachelor’s and master’s programs. Since WVU’s new PhD in forensic science program will share facilities and faculty with these FEPAC-accredited offerings, prospective students can presume that the doctoral program may also reflect this tradition of excellence.

Also, additional programmatic accreditation agencies may exist depending on one’s intended subfield of forensic science. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) accredits forensic psychology programs at the doctoral level. Likewise, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredits graduate programs in forensic accounting.

Institutional Accreditation

There are six leading institutional accreditation agencies, which are organized according to region. They have been recognized by the US Department of Education’s Council of Higher Education Agencies (CHEA). These include:

• Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC) Western Association of Schools and Colleges
• Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)
• Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU)
• Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)

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Jocelyn Blore is the chief content officer of Sechel Ventures and the co-author of the Women Breaking Barriers series. She graduated summa cum laude from UC Berkeley and traveled the world for five years. She also worked as an addiction specialist for two years in San Francisco. She’s interested in how culture shapes individuals and systems within societies—one of the many themes she writes about in her blog, Blore’s Razor (Instagram: @bloresrazor). She has served as managing editor for several healthcare websites since 2015.

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Stanford Online

Genetics and genomics program.

Stanford School of Medicine , Stanford Center for Health Education

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Thank you for your interest in the Stanford Genetics and Genomics Program! 

We are now offering two new programs: Foundations of Genetics and Genomics and Advanced Topics in Genetics and Genomics. 

Foundations of Genetics and Genomics

New technologies and breakthroughs in research are impacting the health and medicine industries and allowing for the use of personalized medicine, genetic engineering, and more. But what does this all mean, and how are these innovations occurring? Understanding the core concepts of genes and genomes will help you grasp how researchers and health professionals improve disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. From studying the function and structure of chromosomes to examining the genetic codes found in DNA, the Foundations of Genetics and Genomics track will give you the fundamental knowledge needed to understand how we can progress in our work targeting human health and disease and prepare you to explore more advanced topics.

Advanced Topics in Genetics and Genomics  

Technologies like CRISPR and stem cell therapies, and research such as those in the fields of epigenetics and biotechnology, are changing how we understand and develop solutions for medicine, biology, and agriculture. The fields of genetics and genomics are constantly evolving from personalized treatment plans based on your genes, lifestyle, and environment to manipulating DNA and editing genetic code. The Advanced Topics in Genetics and Genomics track allows you to dive deeper into the topics you care about and provides you with up-to-date information on cutting-edge research and technologies in the health and medicine industries today.

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Fundamentals of Genetics: The Genetics You Need To Know

Genomics and the Other Omics: The Comprehensive Essentials

Advanced topics in genetics and genomics.

Principles and Practices of Gene Therapy

Understanding Cancer at the Genetic Level

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Stem Cell Therapeutics

Personal Genomics and Your Health

New Frontiers in Cancer Genomics

Epigenetics and Microbiomics in Precision Health

Biology and Applications of the CRISPR/Cas System

Teaching team.

Russ Altman

Kenneth Fong Professor

Bioengineering

Russ Biagio Altman is the Kenneth Fong Professor of Bioengineering, Genetics, Medicine, Biomedical Data Science and (by courtesy) Computer Science) and past chairman of the Bioengineering Department at Stanford University. His primary research interests are in the application of computing and informatics technologies to problems relevant to medicine. He is particularly interested in methods for understanding drug action at molecular, cellular, organism and population levels. His lab studies how human genetic variation impacts drug response (e.g., http://www.pharmgkb.org/). Other work focuses on the analysis of biological molecules to understand the actions, interactions and adverse events of drugs (e.g., http://feature.stanford.edu/). He helps lead an FDA-supported Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science & Innovation.

Dr. Altman holds an AB from Harvard College, and an MD from Stanford Medical School, and a PhD in Medical Information Sciences from Stanford. He received the U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers and a National Science Foundation CAREER Award. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians (ACP), the American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI), the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine, IOM). He is a past-president, founding board member, and a fellow of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB), and a past-president of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (ASCPT). He has chaired the Science Board advising the FDA commissioner, served on the NIH Director’s Advisory Committee, and co-chaired the IOM Drug Forum. He is an organizer of the annual Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, and a founder of Personalis, Inc. Dr. Altman is board certified in Internal Medicine and in Clinical Informatics. He received the Stanford Medical School graduate teaching award in 2000 and mentorship award in 2014.

Ximena Ares

Licensing Associate

Stanford University

Ximena Ares is a Licensing Associate at the Stanford Office of Technology Licensing (OTL). Dr. Ares received her Ph.D training in Molecular Biology in Buenos Aires, Argentina and completed her postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco in Human Genetics. Later, she was a scientist at Geron Corporation and a Research Fellow at the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California. She joined Stanford OTL in 2004, where she manages a portfolio of about 250 life sciences inventions, makes decisions about their intellectual property protection and negotiates license agreements and other contracts.

Euan Ashley

Roger and Joelle Burnell Professor

• School of Medicine

Born and raised in Scotland, Euan Angus Ashley graduated with 1st class Honors in Physiology and Medicine from the University of Glasgow. He completed medical residency and a PhD in molecular cardiology at the University of Oxford before moving to Stanford University where he trained in cardiology and advanced heart failure joining the faculty in 2006. His group is focused on the application of genomics to medicine. In 2010, he led the team that carried out the first clinical interpretation of a human genome. The paper published in the Lancet was the focus of over 300 news stories, became one of the most cited articles in clinical medicine that year, and was featured in the Genome Exhibition at the Smithsonian in DC. The team extended the approach in 2011 to a family of four and now routinely apply genome sequencing to the diagnosis of patients at Stanford hospital where Dr Ashley directs the Clinical Genome Service and the Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease. In 2013, Dr Ashley was recognized by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy for his contributions to Personalized Medicine. In 2014, Dr Ashley became co-chair of the steering committee for the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Network. Dr Ashley is a recipient of the National Innovation Award from the American Heart Association (AHA) and a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director’s New Innovator Award. He is a member of the AHA Council on Functional Genomics, and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health. He is a peer reviewer for the NIH and the AHA as well as journals including Nature, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Lancet and the Journal of Clinical Investigation. He is co-founder of Personalis Inc, a genome scale genetic diagnostics company. Father to three young Americans, in his ‘spare’ time, he tries to understand American football, plays the saxophone, and conducts research on the health benefits of single malt Scotch whisky.

Laura Attardi

Catharine and Howard Avery Professor

Academic Appointments

• Professor, Radiation Oncology - Radiation and Cancer Biology
• Professor, Genetics
• Member, Bio-X
• Member, Child Health Research Institute
• Member, Stanford Cancer Institute

Israeli Society of Gene and Cell Therapy

Administrative Appointments

Founder of LogicBio Therapeutics, a gene therapy company (2014) Member of the American Society of Gene and Cell therapy (2011)

Honors & Awards

Presidential symposium lecturer at the annual meeting of the American Society for Gene and Cell Therapy (ASGCT) (2014) Recipient of the Child Health Research Institute (CHRI) fellowship (2013) 1st place- Stanford Genetics Department “Big Idea” Contest (2012)

Professional Education

MSc, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Genetics (2006) PhD, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Genetics (2011) Postdoctoral fellow, Stanford University (2011)

Michael Bassik

Associate Professor, Genetics

Chris Bjornson

Senior Scientific Researcher

Chris Bjornson holds a Ph.D. from the University of Washington and has served as a Research Associate for Calos Lab, Stanford University.

Anne Brunet

Michele And Timothy Barakett Endowed Professor

Anne Brunet is a Professor of Genetics at Stanford University. Dr. Brunet is interested in the molecular mechanisms of aging and longevity, with a particular emphasis on the nervous system. Her lab is interested in identifying pathways involved in delaying aging in response to external stimuli such as availability of nutrients and mates. She also seeks to understand the mechanisms that influence the rejuvenation of old stem cells. Finally, her lab has pioneered the naturally short-lived African killifish as a new model to explore the regulation of aging and age-related diseases.

Senior Scientist, Population Genetics

Katarzyna ("Kasia") Bryc is a Senior Scientist of Population Geneticist at 23andMe. Dr. Bryc has developed statistical models that leverage genetic data to learn about ancient human history and migrations, recent population admixture and other forces shaping the human genome. Her prior research illuminated the genetic population structure of Africans, and the complex admixture of African Americans and Hispanic/Latino populations. Dr. Bryc received a B.A. from Stanford University, and her M.S. and Ph.D. in Biometry at Cornell under Dr. Carlos Bustamante. Prior to joining 23andMe, she was a NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Fellow at Harvard Medical School with Dr. David Reich, where she developed statistical methods to infer genetic diversity from sequence data.

Michele Calos

Professor, Genetics (Emerita)

Professor, Genetics

Member, Bio-X

Member, Child Health Research Institute

Chair, School of Medicine Appointments and Promotions Committee (2008 - 2010)

• Searle Scholar Award, Searle Family Foundation (1986)
• Graduate Fellowship, National Science Foundation (1979)
• B.A., M.A., Oxford University, Zoology
• Ph.D., Harvard University, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
• Postdoc., University of Geneva, Biologie Moleculaire

Community and International Work

• Member, Board of Directors, American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy
• Advisory Committee, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland

Jan Carette

Associate Professor, Microbiology and Immunology

Mildred Cho

Professor, Pediatrics and Medicine

Emily Crane

Senior Principle Scientific Researcher

Dr. Emily Crane grew up in Palo Alto, California.  She left the sunshine state to earn her B.A. in Biology from Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota.  She returned to California in 2005, where she enrolled in graduate school at UC Berkeley and began training as a geneticist with Dr. Barbara Meyer. She studied the connection between gene expression regulation and chromosome structure, earning a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cell Biology in 2011.  While pursuing her doctorate she was able to first pair research with teaching as a Graduate Student Instructor for both lab and lecture courses. She is currently a NIH IRACDA postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, which allows her to do research while also teaching as a visiting professor at San Jose State University.  At Stanford she works in Dr. Jin Li’s lab, where she is currently setting up a screening system to look for regulators of RNA editing. Dysregulation of RNA editing has been linked to neurological diseases and cancers, and its complete loss is lethal.  Emily is passionate about the rapidly expanding field of personal genomics, which will soon be an indispensable resource for improving patient health.

Christina Curtis

Professor, Genetics and Biomedical Data Science

The Curtis laboratory couples innovative experimental approaches, high-throughput omic technologies, statistical inference and computational modeling to interrogate the evolutionary dynamics of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. To this end, Dr. Curtis and her team have developed an integrated experimental and computational framework to measure clinically relevant patient-specific parameters and to measure clonal dynamics. Her research also aims to develop a systematic interpretation of genotype/phenotype associations in cancer by leveraging state-of-the-art technologies and robust data integration techniques. For example, using integrative statistical approaches to mine multiple data types she lead a seminal study that redefined the molecular map of breast cancer, revealing novel subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes and subtype-specific drivers.

Barbara Dunn

Final Foods Inc.

Barbara Dunn is a Senior Biocuration Research Scientist in the Department of Genetics at Stanford University, currently working with the Saccharomyces Genome Database in the laboratory of Dr. J. Michael Cherry. She received her A.B. in Botany at Berkeley, and her Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry at Harvard University, where she studied yeast telomeres in the laboratory of Dr. Jack Szostak. Her recent research has focused on using whole-genome DNA and RNA sequencing, ChIP-Seq, array-CGH, and other “omics” methods to broadly explore evolution in yeast, and particularly the genome structures and genome evolution of industrial yeasts (lager, ale, wine, ethanol, bread).

Dianna Fisk

Senior Scientific Curator

Dianna received her B.S. in Biology from Marquette University and her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Genetics from the University of Oregon, where she studied how nuclear and chromosomal gene expression are coordinately regulated, in the laboratory of Dr. Alice Barkan. She then went on to work as a Scientific Curator under Dr. David Botstein and Dr. J. Michael Cherry, at the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD). After 13 years of analyzing, assembling and organizing the vast amounts of detailed biochemical and genetic data available on yeast, she switched to interpretation of human genomics data and is now the Senior Biocurator at the Stanford Clinical Genomics Service.

Professor, Medicine and Genetics

Dr. Ford is a medical oncologist and geneticist at Stanford, devoted to studying the genetic basis of breast and GI cancer development, treatment and prevention. Dr. Ford graduated in 1984 Magna Cum Laude (Biology) from Yale University where he later received his M.D. degree from the School of Medicine in 1989. He was a internal medicine resident (1989-91), Clinical Fellow in Medical Oncology (1991-94), Research Fellow of Biological Sciences (1993-97) at Stanford, and joined the faculty in 1998. He is currently Associate Professor of Medicine (Oncology) and Genetics, and Director of the Stanford Cancer Genetics Clinic, at the Stanford University Medical Center. Dr. Ford’s research goals are to understand the role of genetic changes in cancer genes in the risk and development of common cancers. He studies the role of the p53 and BRCA1 tumor suppressor genes in DNA repair, and uses techniques for high-throughput genomic analyses of cancer to identify molecular signatures for targeted therapies. Recently, his team has identified a novel class of drugs that target DNA repair defective breast cancers, and have opened clinical trials at Stanford and nationally using these “PARP inhibitors” for the treatment of women with “triple-negative” breast cancer. Dr. Ford’s clinical interests include the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a hereditary pre-disposition to cancer. He runs the Stanford Cancer Genetics Clinic, that sees patients for genetic counseling and testing of hereditary cancer syndromes, and enters patients on clinical research protocols for prevention and early diagnosis of cancer in high-risk individuals.

Hinco Gierman

VP Precision Oncology

Julie Granka

Principal Scientist, Statistical Genetics

Julie Granka is a biologist and a statistician with expertise in genetics and evolution who currently serves as the Director of Personalized Genomics at Ancestry.com. Dr. Granka has experience developing and applying advanced computational tools to genetic data to understand population history and evolution. During fieldwork in South Africa, she collected and analyzed DNA samples from an African hunter-gatherer population to uncover the genetic basis of human height and skin pigmentation. Dr. Granka has also analyzed numerous other African populations to identify regions of the human genome where positive natural selection has occurred in recent history. In addition, she has studied the genetics of other organisms, including M. tuberculosis, the organism that causes tuberculosis. Dr. Granka received a B.S. in Biometry and Statistics from Cornell University where she worked with Dr. Carlos Bustamante. Afterwards, she received an M.S. in Statistics and a Ph.D. in Biology with Dr. Marcus Feldman at Stanford University.

Hank Greely

Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law

• Stanford Law School

Henry T. "Hank" Greely is the Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University. He specializes in ethical, legal, and social issues arising from advances in the biosciences, particularly from genetics, neuroscience, and human stem cell research. He chairs the California Advisory Committee on Human Stem Cell Research and the steering committee of the Stanford University Center for Biomedical Ethics, and directs the Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences and the Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society. He serves as a member of the NAS Committee on Science, Technology, and Law; the NIGMS Advisory Council, the Institute of Medicine’s Neuroscience Forum, and the NIH Multi-Center Working Group on the BRAIN Initiative. Professor Greely graduated from Stanford in 1974 and from Yale Law School in 1977. He served as a law clerk for Judge John Minor Wisdom on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and for Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court. He began teaching at Stanford in 1985.

Will Greenleaf

William Greenleaf is an Associate Professor in the Genetics Department at Stanford University School of Medicine, with a courtesy appointment in the Applied Physics Department. He is a member of Bio-X, the Biophysics Program, the Biomedical Informatics Program, and the Cancer Center. He received an A.B. in physics from Harvard University (summa cum laude) in 2002, and received a Gates Fellowship to study computer science for one year in Trinity College, Cambridge, UK (with distinction). After this experience abroad, he returned to Stanford to carry out his Ph.D. in Applied Physics in the laboratory of Steven Block, where he investigated, at the single molecule level, the chemo-mechanics of RNA polymerase and the folding of RNA transcripts. He conducted postdoctoral work in the laboratory of X. Sunney Xie in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department at Harvard University, where he was awarded a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellowship, and developed new fluorescence-based high-throughput sequencing methodologies. He moved to Stanford as an Assistant Professor in November 2011. Since beginning his lab, he has been named a Rita Allen Foundation Young Scholar, an Ellison Foundation Young Scholar in Aging (declined), a Baxter Foundation Scholar, and a Chan-Zuckerberg Investigator. His highly interdisciplinary research links molecular biology, computer science, bioengineering, and genomics a to understand how the physical state of the human genome controls gene regulation and biological state. Efforts in his lab are split between building new tools to leverage the power of high-throughput sequencing and cutting-edge microscopies, and bringing these new technologies to bear against basic biological questions of genomic and epigenomic variation. His long-term goal is to unlock an understanding of the physical “regulome” — i.e. the factors that control how the genetic information is read into biological instructions — profoundly impacting our understanding of how cells maintain, or fail to maintain, their state in health and disease.

Arthur Grossman

Professor (by courtesy), Biology

Arthur Grossman has been a Staff Scientist at The Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology since 1982, and holds a courtesy appointment as Professor in the Department of Biology at Stanford University. He has performed research across fields ranging from plant biology, microbiology, marine biology, ecology, genomics, engineering and photosynthesis and initiated large scale algal genomics by leading the Chlamydomonas genome project (sequencing of the genome coupled to transcriptomics). During his tenure at Carnegie, he mentored more than fifteen PhD students and approximately 40 post-doctoral fellows (many of whom have become very successful independent scientists at both major universities and in industry). In 2002 he received the Darbaker Prize (Botanical Society of America) for work on microalgae and in 2009 received the Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal (National Academy of Sciences) for the quality of his publications on marine and freshwater algae. In 2015 he was Vice Chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Photosynthesis and in 2017 was Chair of that same conference (Photosynthetic plasticity: From the environment to synthetic systems). He also gave the Arnon endowed lecture on photosynthesis in Berkeley in March of 2017, has given numerous plenary lectures and received a number of fellowships throughout his career, including the Visiting Scientist Fellowship - Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM) (Italy, 2014), the Lady Davis Fellowship (Israel, 2011) and most recently the Chaire Edmond de Rothschild (to work IBPC in Paris in 2017-2018). He has been Co-Editor in Chief of Journal of Phycology and has served on the editorial boards of many well-respected biological journals including the Annual Review of Genetics, Plant Physiology, Eukaryotic Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Plant, and Current Genetics. He has also reviewed innumerable papers and grants, served on many scientific panels that has evaluated various programs for granting agencies [NSF, CNRS, Marden program (New Zealand)] and private companies. He has also served on scientific advisory boards for both nonprofit and for profit companies including Phoenix Bioinformatics, Excelixis, Martex, Solazyme/TerraVia, Checkerspot and Phycoil.

Bethann Hromatka

Senior Director, Medical Affairs

Puma Biotechnology, Inc.

Natalie Jaeger

Senior Scientist

DKFZ German Cancer Research Center

Natalie is a Post-Doctoral Scientist in the laboratory of Professor Michael Snyder at Stanford University. Her duties include applying approaches comprising genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and proteomics to the analysis of human disease, to help understand the molecular basis of disease and aid the development of diagnostics and therapeutics.

Dennis Farrey Family Professor of Genetics

Mark A. Kay, MD, PhD, is the Director of the Program in Human Gene Therapy, and Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Kay is one of the founders of the American Society of Gene Therapy and served as its President in 2005-2006. Dr. Kay received the E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics in 2000 and was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1997. He has organized many national and international conferences, including the first Gordon Conference related to gene therapy.

Kay is respected worldwide for his work in gene therapy for hemophilia and viral hepatitis. He is an Associate Editor of Human Gene Therapy and Molecular Therapy, and a member of the editorial boards of other peer-reviewed publications.

Here at Stanford University, Dr. Kay is involved in many committees, including the Administrative Panel on Biosafety Committee, and Chair of the Berry Foundation Committee. Along with his work in Gene Therapy Dr. Kay is an avid photographer and enjoys spending time outdoors photographing wildlife.

Professor, Developmental Biology (Emeritus)

Dr. Kim's lab's research focuses are in C. elegans aging, human aging, cell lineage analyzer, and ModENCODE.

Students, fellows, and faculty in the Department of Developmental Biology are working at the forefront of basic science research to understand the molecular mechanisms that generate and maintain diverse cell types in many different contexts, including the embryo, various adult organs, and the evolution of different species. Research groups use a wide array of cutting-edge approaches including genetics, genomics, computation, biochemistry, and advanced imaging, in organisms ranging from microbes to humans. This work has connections to many areas of human health and disease, including stem cell biology, aging, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, infectious disease, autoimmune disease, neurological disorders, and novel strategies for stimulating repair or regeneration of body tissues.

Jane Lebkowski

Regenerative Patch Technologies

President of Research and Development, Asterias

Joe Lipsick

Professor, Pathology and Genetics

Since participating in the initial identification of the protein product of the v-Myb oncogene as a postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Lipsick has dedicated his research career to understanding the function of the highly conserved Myb oncogene family. The laboratory has initially focused on the retroviral v-Myb oncogene and its cellular homologue, c-Myb. More recently, they have focused on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for understanding the human Myb oncogene family. They created the first null mutants of the sole Drosophila Myb gene, and showed that the absence of Myb resulted in mitotic abnormalities including chromosome condensation defects, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and aberrant spindle formation. In collaboration with the laboratory of Michael Botchan (UC Berkeley), they also showed that Myb was required for the site-specific initiation of DNA replication that occurs during chorion gene amplification in adult ovarian follicle cells. They themselves then showed that the absence of Myb causes a failure in the normal progression of chromosome condensation from heterchromatin to euchromatin. Most recently, they have found that Myb acts in opposition to repressive E2F and RB proteins to epigenetically regulate the expression of key components of the spindle assembly checkpoint and spindle pole regulatory pathways.

Kelly Ormond

Adjunct Professor, Genetics

Kelly Ormond is a genetic counselor (US ABGC certified) and ELSI researcher. She received her MS in Genetic Counseling from Northwestern University (1994) and a post-?graduate certificate in Clinical Medical Ethics from the MacLean Center at the University of Chicago (2001). She joined the Health Ethics and Policy Lab as a Senior Scientist in February 2021, and is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Genetics at Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA

Matthew Porteus

Sutardja Chuk Professor

Dr. Porteus was raised in California and was a local graduate of Gunn High School before completing A.B. degree in “History and Science” at Harvard University where he graduated Magna Cum Laude and wrote an thesis entitled “Safe or Dangerous Chimeras: The recombinant DNA controversy as a conflict between differing socially constructed interpretations of recombinant DNA technology.” He then returned to the area and completed his combined MD, PhD at Stanford Medical School with his PhD focused on understanding the molecular basis of mammalian forebrain development with his PhD thesis entitled “Isolation and Characterization of TES-1/DLX-2: A Novel Homeobox Gene Expressed During Mammalian Forebrain Development.” After completion of his dual degree program, he was an intern and resident in Pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital and then completed his Pediatric Hematology/Oncology fellowship in the combined Boston Chidlren’s Hospital/Dana Farber Cancer Institute program. For his fellowship and post-doctoral research he worked with Dr. David Baltimore at MIT and CalTech where he began his studies in developing homologous recombination as a strategy to correct disease causing mutations in stem cells as definitive and curative therapy for children with genetic diseases of the blood, particularly sickle cell disease. Following his training with Dr. Baltimore, he took an independent faculty position at UT Southwestern in the Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry before again returning to Stanford in 2010 as an Associate Professor. During this time his work has been the first to demonstrate that gene correction could be achieved in human cells at frequencies that were high enough to potentially cure patients and is considered one of the pioneers and founders of the field of genome editing—a field that now encompasses thousands of labs and several new companies throughout the world. His research program continues to focus on developing genome editing by homologous recombination as curative therapy for children with genetic diseases but also has interests in the clonal dynamics of heterogeneous populations and the use of genome editing to better understand diseases that affect children including infant leukemias and genetic diseases that affect the muscle. Clinically, Dr. Porteus attends at the Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital where he takes care of pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Vice President of Program Management

Jose loves talking about science, especially to non-scientists. He has been involved in science outreach and education since he first learned of the simplicity and beauty of the structure of DNA. Naturally, Jose went on to graduate school at Stanford where he received a M.A. in Education and a Ph.D. in Developmental Biology. His doctoral work focused on understanding how epigenetic regulators control the biology of adult stem cells. For example, when some of these regulators misbehave, stem cells are lost to the detriment of the tissue they normally maintain. Why? How? Well, Jose still doesn’t know, but he hopes his work helped add one more piece to the never-ending puzzle of scientific research. After finishing his Ph.D., Jose moved to St. Louis, MO and joined Monsanto as part of a rotational leadership program, where he’s been doing a number of fun things both close and far from his science background. His year-long rotations have spanned biotechnology regulation and policy, global technology strategy, and development of molecular detection technologies. All of these rotations have complemented each other and contributed to his passion for sustainably and safely increasing food productivity and agricultural efficiency. Jose’s favorite activity is backpacking and talking about how light his backpack is over an open fire under the Milky Way-splattered sky of the Sierra Nevada. When he’s not outdoors, which is more frequent than he’d like, Jose enjoys good beer (peanut butter chocolate milk stout is real and delicious), good music (Tool), and thoughtful discussions involving science, education and politics.

Jonathan Pritchard

Bing Professor of Population Studies

Jonathan Pritchard is a Professor of Genetics and Biology at Stanford University. He received his BSc in Biology and Mathematics from Penn State University in 1994, and his PhD in Biology at Stanford in 1998. After that he moved to a postdoc in the Department of Statistics at Oxford University and then to his first faculty job at the University of Chicago in 2001. He has been an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 2008.

Li (Stanley) Qi

Associate Professor

Maria Grazia Roncarolo

George D. Smith Professor

Maria Grazia Roncarolo, MD is the co-director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, the George D. Smith Professor in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics and of Medicine (blood and marrow transplantation), chief of the Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, and co-director of the Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases.

Dr. Roncarolo leads efforts to translate scientific discoveries in genetic diseases and regenerative medicine into novel patient therapies, including treatments based on stem cells and gene therapy. A pediatric immunologist by training, she earned her medical degree at the University of Turin, Italy. She spent her early career in Lyon, France, where she focused on severe inherited metabolic and immune diseases, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), better known as the "bubble boy disease." Dr. Roncarolo was a key member of the team that carried out the first stem cell transplants given before birth to treat these genetic diseases.

While studying inherited immune diseases, Dr. Roncarolo discovered a new class of T cells. These cells, called T regulatory type 1 cells, help maintain immune system homeostasis by preventing autoimmune diseases and assisting the immune system in tolerating transplanted cells and organs. Recently, Dr. Roncarolo completed the first clinical trial using T regulatory type 1 cells to prevent severe graft-versus-host disease in leukemia patients receiving blood-forming stem-cell transplants from donors who were not genetic matches.

Dr. Roncarolo worked for several years at DNAX Research Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology in Palo Alto, where she contributed to the discovery of novel cytokines, cell-signaling molecules that are part of the immune response. She studied the role of cytokines in inducing immunological tolerance and in promoting stem cell growth and differentiation.

Dr. Roncarolo developed new gene-therapy approaches, which she pursued as director of the Telethon Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan. She was the principal investigator leading the successful gene therapy trial for SCID patients who lack an enzyme critical to DNA synthesis, which is a severe life-threatening disorder. That trial is now considered the gold standard for gene therapy in inherited immune diseases. Under her direction, the San Raffaele Scientific Institute has been seminal in showing the efficacy of gene therapy for otherwise untreatable inherited metabolic diseases and primary immunodeficiencies.

Dr. Roncarolo's goal at Stanford is to build the teams and infrastructure to move stem cell and gene therapy to the clinic quickly and to translate basic science discoveries into patient treatments. In addition, her laboratory continues to work on T regulatory cell-based treatments to induce immunological tolerance after transplantation of donor tissue stem cells. In Nature Medicine, Dr. Roncarolo recently published her discovery of new biomarkers for T regulatory type 1 cells, which will be used to purify the cells and to track them in patients. She also is investigating genetic chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that occur due to impairment in T regulatory cell functions.

Julien Sage

Elaine and John Chambers Professor

Dr. Sage studied biology at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris and did his PhD at the University of Nice and post-doctoral training at MIT. He is currently the Elaine and John Chambers Professor in Pediatric Cancer and a Professor of Genetics at Stanford University where he serves as the co-Director of the Cancer Biology PhD program. For his work on cancer genetics, he has been awarded a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Scholar Award, a Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Scholar Award, and an R35 Outstanding Investigator Award from the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Sage’s work has focused on the RB tumor suppressor pathway and how inactivation of RB promotes tumorigenesis in children and adult patients. In the past few years, the Sage lab has developed pre-clinical models for small cell lung cancer, an RB-mutant cancer, and has used these models to investigate signaling pathways driving the growth of this cancer type and to identify novel therapeutic targets in this recalcitrant cancer.

Gavin Sherlock

Associate Professor,  Genetics Member,  Stanford Cancer Institute  

Army Breast Cancer Research Fellowship, Department of Defence (1997-1998) Cold Spring Harbor Fellowship, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1996-1997) Prize Studentship, The Wellcome Trust (1991-1994) John Buckley Entrance Scholarship for Science, Manchester University (1988-1991)

B.Sc., Manchester University, Genetics (1991) Ph.D., Manchester University, Molecular Biology (1994)

Michael Snyder

Stanford W. Ascherman Professor of Genetics

Michael Snyder is the Stanford Ascherman Professor and Chair of Genetics and the Director of the Center of Genomics and Personalized Medicine. Dr. Snyder received his Ph.D. training at the California Institute of Technology and carried out postdoctoral training at Stanford University.

He is a leader in the field of functional genomics and proteomics, and one of the major participants of the ENCODE project. His laboratory study was the first to perform a large-scale functional genomics project in any organism, and has launched many technologies in genomics and proteomics. These including the development of proteome chips, high resolution tiling arrays for the entire human genome, methods for global mapping of transcription factor binding sites (ChIP-chip now replaced by ChIP-seq), paired end sequencing for mapping of structural variation in eukaryotes, de novo genome sequencing of genomes using high throughput technologies and RNA-Seq. These technologies have been used for characterizing genomes, proteomes and regulatory networks. Seminal findings from the Snyder laboratory include the discovery that much more of the human genome is transcribed and contains regulatory information than was previously appreciated, and a high diversity of transcription factor binding occurs both between and within species.

He has also combined different state-of–the-art “omics” technologies to perform the first longitudinal detailed integrative personal omics profile (iPOP) of person and used this to assess disease risk and monitor disease states for personalized medicine. He is a cofounder of several biotechnology companies, including Protometrix (now part of Life Tehcnologies), Affomix (now part of Illumina), Excelix, and Personalis, and he presently serves on the board of a number of companies

Barry Starr

Senior Science Writer

Barry received his B.S. from CSU, Chico in Biochemistry. He then went on to graduate school at the University of Oregon where he earned his Ph.D. in biochemistry with Dr. Diane Hawley. During his six years, Barry worked on many aspects of basal RNA polymerase II transcription but Barry’s main contribution to the field was showing that the TATA-binding protein (TBP) recognized its AT-rich sequence entirely through the minor groove. This was deemed impossible at the time. Barry then went on to do a postdoc with Dr. Keith Yamamoto at UCSF where he worked on glucocorticoid receptor mutants. After that Barry entered the world of biotechnology where he was employed at three different companies designing small molecules that could specifically alter gene expression. He then stepped off the standard science track and took a job with Stanford University’s Department of Genetics running an outreach program called Stanford at The Tech. Over the next ten or so years Barry helped design and update a museum exhibition (Genetics: Technology With a Twist), a website (Understanding Genetics), have given over 100 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows the opportunity to improve their communication skills, and have written hundreds of blogs both for the Understanding Genetics website and for KQED QUEST, a local PBS television show.

Lars Steinmetz

Dieter Schwarz Foundation Endowed Professor

Lars Steinmetz studied molecular biophysics and biochemistry at Yale University and conducted his Ph.D. research on genome-wide approaches to study gene function and natural phenotypic diversity at Stanford University. After a brief period of postdoctoral research at the Stanford Genome Technology Center, where he worked on functional genomic technology development, he moved to Europe in 2003. At the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany, he started his own group, focused on applying functional genomic approaches and high-throughput methods to study complex traits, transcription and the mitochondrial organelle at a systems level. In parallel, he maintained a focused group at the Stanford Genome Technology Center working on technology development. Since 2009, Lars acted as Joint Head of the department of Genome Biology at EMBL.

In October 2013 Lars became Professor of Genetics at Stanford University and Co-Director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center. His lab develops and applies cutting-edge technologies to investigate the function and mechanism of transcription, the genetic basis of complex phenotypes and the genetic and molecular systems underpinning disease. Their ultimate goal is to enable the development of personalized, preventative medicine.

In parallel to his research activities at Stanford, Lars continues to lead his lab at EMBL and acts as Associate Head of Genome Biology and Senior Scientist at EMBL. His Stanford and EMBL labs collaborate very closely.

In addition to his academic endeavours, Lars is a consultant and board member of several companies, advising in the areas of genetics and personalized medicine.

Ruth Tennen

Senior Product Scientist I

Ruth Tennen picked up her first pipette as a summer high-school student in a lab at the University of Connecticut Health Center. She received her bachelor’s degree in molecular biology from Princeton University and her Ph.D. in cancer biology from Stanford University. Her graduate work examined the intersection between epigenetics and disease: how human cells squeeze two meters of DNA into their nuclei while keeping that DNA accessible and dynamic, and how DNA packaging goes awry during cancer and aging. As a graduate student, Ruth shared her love of science by teaching hands-on classes to students at local schools, hospitals, and museums and by blogging on the San Jose Tech Museum’s website.

After completing her Ph.D., Ruth moved to Washington, DC to serve as an AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow. Working in the Bureau of African Affairs at the U.S. Department of State, she collaborated with colleagues in DC and at U.S. Embassies abroad to promote scientific capacity building, science education, and entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. She managed the Apps4Africa program, which challenges young African innovators to develop mobile apps that tackle problems in their communities. She also traveled to South Africa and Ghana, where she delivered lectures and workshops designed to spark the scientific excitement of young learners.

Ruth is currently a Product Scientist at 23andMe. In her free time, Ruth enjoys running, reading, quoting Seinfeld, and cheering for the UConn Huskies.

Sören Turan

Bayer Pharmaceuticals

Postdoc, Genetics

DFG Fellowship (2013)

• Diploma TU-Braunschweig (Germany) 2007
• Dr. rer. nat. Medical School Hannover (Germany)

Research Interest: Gene Therapy, (Stem) Cell Therapy, Genome Engineering, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing

Monte Winslow

Associate Professor of Genetics and of Pathology

Monte Winslow is an Associate Professor of Genetics and Pathology at Stanford University.

Stacey Wirt Taylor

Commercial Planning Manager

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp.

Stacey received her B.A. in Biology from Wellesley College and her Ph.D. in Cancer Biology from Stanford University. Her dissertation focused on uncovering new mechanisms for cell cycle control in mouse embryonic stem cells and neural progenitors. She went on to complete a post-doctoral fellowship in genome engineering, where she worked to develop nuclease technology for editing disease-causing mutations in human stem cells. In her spare time, Stacey volunteers at the San Jose Tech Museum, likes to camp and hike throughout Northern California, and is an avid photographer.

Simon H. Stertzer, MD, Professor

Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD is Director of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Professor in the Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Department of Radiology (Molecular Imaging Program) at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Wu received his medical degree from Yale. He completed his medicine internship, residency and cardiology fellowship training at UCLA followed by a PhD (Molecular & Medical Pharmacology) at UCLA. Dr. Wu has received several awards, including the Burroughs Wellcome Foundation Career Award in Medical Sciences, Baxter Foundation Faculty Scholar Award, AHA Innovative Research Award, AHA Established Investigator Award, NIH Director’s New Innovator Award, NIH Roadmap Transformative Award, and Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers given out by President Obama. He is on the editorial board of Journal Clinical Investigation, Circulation Research, Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, JACC Imaging, Human Gene Therapy, Molecular Therapy, Stem Cell Research, and Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. He is a Council Member for the American Society for Clinical Investigation and a Scientific Advisory Board Member for the Keystone Symposia. His clinical activities involve adult congenital heart disease and cardiovascular imaging. His lab research focuses on stem cells, drug discovery, and molecular imaging.

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Forensic Science

The marshall university forensic science graduate program.

Ranked #1 for thirteen out of the last fifteen years on the FSAT Exam, Marshall University’s Master’s Degree in Forensic Science is one of twenty-one FEPAC accredited graduate programs in the United States. Our forensic science graduate program includes a five-semester core curriculum with both thesis and non-thesis options.

In addition to the core curriculum, four areas of emphasis are offered to graduate students for more in-depth education and training in specific forensic science disciplines. While one area of emphasis is required, students may complete all four areas of emphasis during their course of study. Areas of emphasis include DNA Analysis, Forensic Chemistry, Digital Forensics, and Crime Scene Investigation.

Learn More About

• Master of Science in Forensic Science Program and Core Curriculum
• Four Areas of Emphasis offered for Forensic Science specialization
• Graduate Certificate in Digital Forensics
• DNA Technical Assistance Program
• CSI Huntington

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Donate to the Terry W. & Sandra J.Fenger Scholarship

• Fenger Scholarship Donor Form (printable)
• Donate Online   To donate; at the “FUND DESIGNATION” you must select “The Terry W. & Sandra J. Fenger Scholarship”. This is very important to insure the funds are directed to the right scholarship.

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• v.8(4); 2021 Dec

DNA Profiling in Forensic Science: A Review

Jaya lakshmi bukyya.

1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Tirumala Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, India

M L. Avinash Tejasvi

2 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India

Anulekha Avinash

3 Department of Prosthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India

Chanchala H. P.

4 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Priyanka Talwade

Mohammed malik afroz.

5 Department of Oral Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Archana Pokala

Praveen kumar neela.

6 Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India

T K. Shyamilee

7 Department of Oral Pathology, Private Practice, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Vammi Srisha

8 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Private Practice, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

DNA is present in most of the cells in our body, which is unique in each and every individual, and we leave a trail of it everywhere we go. This has become an advantage for forensic investigators who use DNA to draw conclusion in identification of victim and accused in crime scenes. This review described the use of genetic markers in forensic investigation and their limitations.

Introduction

Forensic identification is a universal method used to establish the veracity in the process of forensic investigation. Both criminalities and medico-legal identification are integrative parts of forensic identification, having probative value. The value of an identification method resides in the specialist's ability to compare traces left at the crime scene with traces found on other materials such as reference evidence. Through this procedure, one can compare traces of blood, saliva, or any biological sample left at the crime scene with those found on a suspect's clothes and with samples from the victim. Medico-legal identification is based on scientific methods or intrinsic scientific methods absorbed from other sciences, usually bio-medical sciences. Scientific progress in the last 30 to 40 years has highlighted and continues to highlight the role of the specialists in identification. Their role proves its significance in cases that have to do with civil, family, and criminal law, as well as in cases of catastrophes with numerous victims (accidents, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and wars). Together with the discovery by Mullis in 1983 of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sir Alec Jeffreys in the field of forensic genetics used this technique by studying a set of DNA fragments that proved to have unique characteristics, which were nonrecurring and intrinsic for each individual, the only exception being identical twins. Alec Jeffreys named these reaction products “genetic fingerprints.” 1 PCR procedure is correct as per the reference.

Brief History of Forensic Genetics

• In 1900, Karl Landsteiner distinguished the main blood groups and observed that individuals could be placed into different groups based on their blood type. This was the first step in development of forensic hemogenetics. 2
• 1915: Leone Lattes describes the use of ABO genotyping to resolve paternity case. 2
• 1931: Absorption–inhibition of ABO genotyping technique had been developed. Following on from this, various blood group markers and soluble blood serum protein markers were characterized. 2
• In the 1960s and 1970s: Developments in molecular biology, restriction of enzymes, Southern blotting, 3 and Sanger sequencing 4 enabled researchers to examine sequences of DNA.
• 1978: Detection of DNA polymorphisms using Southern blotting. 5
• 1980: First polymorphic locus was reported. 6
• 1983: A critical development in the history of forensic genetics came with the advent of PCR process that can amplify specific regions of DNA, which was conceptualized by Kary Mullis, a chemist; later he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1993. 7
• 1984: Alec Jeffrey introduced DNA fingerprinting in the field of forensic genetics, and proved that some regions in the DNA have repetitive sequences, which vary among individuals. Due to this discovery, first forensic case was solved using DNA analysis. 8

DNA Structure and Genome

DNA was first described by Watson and Crick in 1953, as double-stranded molecule that adopts a helical arrangement. Each individual's genome contains a large amount of DNA that is a potential target for DNA profiling.

DNA Structure

DNA is often described as the “blue print of life,” because it contains all the information that an organism requires in function and reproduction. The model of the double-helix structure of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick. The DNA molecule is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA, two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine). Each base is attracted to its complimentary base: adenine base always pairs with thymine base whereas cytosine base always pairs with guanine base ( Fig. 1 ). 9

Structure of DNA. Image courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute.

Organization of DNA into Chromosomes

There are two complete copies of the genome in each nucleated human cell. Humans contain ∼3,200,000,000 base pairs (BPs) of information, organized in 23 pairs of chromosomes. There are 2 sets of chromosomes; 1 version of each chromosome is inherited from each parent with total of 46 chromosomes. 10 11 12

Classification of Human Genome 2

Based on the structure and function, Classification of Human Genome into following different types ( Fig. 2 ).

Classification of human genome.

• Coding and regulatory regions: The regions of DNA that encode and regulate protein synthesis are called genes. Approximately, a human genome contains 20,000 to 25,000 genes; 1.5% of the genome is involved in encoding for proteins.
• Noncoding: Overall, 23.5% of the genome is classified under genetic sequence but does not involve in enclosing for proteins; they are mainly involved with the regulation of genes including enhancers, promoters, repressors, and polyadenylation signals.
• Extragenic DNA: Approximately 75% of the genome is extragenic, of which 50% is composed of repetitive DNA and 45% of interspersed repeats. Four common types of interspersed repetitive elements are: (i) short interspersed elements, (ii) long interspersed elements, (iii) long terminal repeats, and (iv) DNA transposons. Tandem repeats consist of three different types: (i) satellite DNA, (ii) minisatellite DNA, and (iii) microsatellite DNA.

Genome and Forensic Genetics

DNA loci that are to be used for forensic genetics should have the following ideal properties:

• Should be highly polymorphic.
• Should be easy and cheap to characterize.
• Should be simple to interpret and easy to compare between laboratories.
• Should have a low mutation rate.

With recent advances in molecular biology techniques, it is possible to analyze any region with 3.2 billion BPs that make up the genome. 2

Biological Material

Three most important steps are collection, characterization, and storage.

Sources of Biological Evidence

Human body is composed of trillions of cells and most of them are nucleated cells, except for the red blood cells. Each nucleated cell contains two copies of individual's genome and can be used to generate a DNA profile. Usually, samples show some level of degradation but when the level of degradation is high, more cellular material is needed to produce a DNA profile. 13

Biological samples with nucleated cells are essential for forensic genetic profiling, such as: 14

• Liquid blood or dry deposits.
• Liquid saliva, semen, or dry deposits.
• Hard tissues like bone and teeth.
• Hair with follicles.

Collection and Handling of Material at the Crime Scenes

Whole blood is considered as one of the widely used source of DNA. It is preserved in an anticoagulant (ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) and conserved at 4°C for 5 to 7 days initially. After this period, DNA samples are kept at –20°C for few weeks or at –80°C for longer periods of time. Epithelial cells collected from crime scenes are harvested with sterile brush or bud. After harvesting, they are wrapped in plastic envelope or paper envelope and kept in a dry environment at room temperature. 15 It is essential that proper care is taken, such as maintaining integrity of the crime scene, wearing face masks and full protective suits during the investigation of scene, 16 17 18 as inappropriate handling of the evidence can lead to serious consequences. In worst cases, cross-contamination leads to high level of sample degradation; this can confuse or avert the final result of evidence.

Characterization of DNA Analysis: Basic Steps 1

Analysis of DNA involves four basic steps, which are as follows ( Fig. 3 ):

Extraction of DNA.

• DNA extraction.
• DNA quantification.
• DNA amplification.
• Detection of the DNA-amplified products.

DNA Extraction

The first DNA extraction was performed by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. Since then, scientists have made progress in designing various extraction methods that are easier, cost-effective, reliable, faster to perform, and producing a higher yield. With the advent of gene-editing and personalized medicine, there has been an increase in the demand for reliable and efficient DNA isolation methods that can yield adequate quantities of high-quality DNA with minimal impurities.

There are various methods of extraction as mentioned below, though commonly used are Chelex-100 method, silica-based DNA extraction, and phenol–chloroform method.

• Chromatography-based DNA extraction method.
• Ethidium bromide–cesium chloride (EtBr-CsCl) gradient centrifugation method.
• Alkaline extraction method.
• Silica matrices method.
• Salting-out method.
• Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction method.
• Phenol–chloroform method.
• Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteinase K method.
• Silica column-based DNA extraction method.
• Magnetic beads method.
• Cellulose-based paper method.
• Chelex-100 extraction method.
• Filter paper-based DNA extraction method.

Chromatography-Based DNA Extraction Method

Chromatography-based DNA extraction method is used to isolate DNA from any kind of biological material. 19 This method is divided into three different types:

• Size-inclusion chromatography: In this method, molecules are separated according to their molecular sizes and shape.
• Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC): In this method, solution containing DNA anion-exchange resin selectively binds to DNA with its positively charged diethylaminoethyl cellulose group. 20 This method is simple to perform when compared with other DNA extraction methods. 19
• This procedure is used for isolation of messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA).
• It is time-efficient.
• It yields a very good quality of nucleic acids. 21

EtBr-CsCl Gradient Centrifugation Method

In 1957, Meselson et al developed this method. 22 DNA is mixed with CsCl solution, which is then ultra-centrifuged at high speed (10,000–12,000 rpm) for 10 hours, resulting in separation of DNA from remaining substances based on its density. EtBr is incorporated more into nonsupercoiled DNA than supercoiled DNA molecules resulting in accumulation of supercoiled DNA at lower density, and location of DNA is visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.

• This method is used to extract DNA from bacteria.

Limitations:

• Greater amount of material source is needed.
• Time-consuming.
• Costly procedure due to long duration of high-speed ultra-centrifugation.
• Complicated method. 23

Alkaline Extraction Method

First introduced by Birnboim and Doly in 1979, this method is used to extract plasmid DNA from cells. 24 Sample is suspended in NaOH solution and SDS detergent for lysis of cell membrane and protein denaturation. Potassium acetate is then added to neutralize the alkaline solution, which results in formation of precipitate. Plasmid DNA in the supernatant is recovered after centrifugation.

Limitation:

• Contamination of plasmid DNA with fragmented chromosomal DNA. 25

Silica Matrices Method

The affinity between DNA and silicates was described by Vogelstein and Gillespie in 1979. 26

Principle: Selective binding of negatively charged DNA with silica surface is covered with positively charged ions. DNA tightly binds to silica matrix, and other cellular contaminants can be washed using distilled water or Tris-EDTA. 27

Advantages:

• Fast to perform.
• Cost-efficient.
• Silica matrices cannot be reused.

Salting-Out Method

Introduced by Miller et al 55 in 1988, this method is a nontoxic DNA extraction method.

Procedure: Sample is added to 3 mL of lysis buffer, SDS, and proteinase K, and incubated at 55 to 65°C overnight. Next, 6 mL of saturated NaCl is added and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 15 minutes. DNA containing supernatant is transferred into fresh tube and precipitated using ethanol. 28

• This method is used to extract DNA from blood, tissue homogenate, or suspension culture.
• High-quality DNA is obtained.
• Reagents are nontoxic.28,29

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) Extraction Method

This method was introduced by Doyle et al in 1990. 30

Samples are added to 2% CTAB at alkaline pH. In a solution of low ionic strength, buffer precipitates DNA and acidic polysaccharides from remaining cellular components. Solutions with high salt concentrations are then added to remove DNA from acidic polysaccharides; later, DNA is purified using organic solvents, alcohols, phenols, and chloroform. 20

• Time-consuming method.
• Toxic reagents like phenol and chloroform are used.

Phenol–Chloroform Method

This method was introduced by Barker et al in 1998. 31 Lysis containing SDS is added to cells to dissolve the cell membrane and nuclear envelope; phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol reagent is added in the ratio 25:24:1. 28 Both SDS and phenol cause protein denaturation, while isoamyl alcohol prevents emulsification and hence facilitates DNA precipitation. The contents are then mixed to form biphasic emulsion that is later subjected to vortexing. This emulsion separates into two phases upon centrifugation, upper aqueous phase, composed of DNA, and the lower organic phase, composed of proteins. Upper aqueous phase is transferred to fresh tube and the lower organic phase is discarded. These steps are further repeated until the interface between the organic and aqueous phase is free from protein. 31 Later, sodium acetate solution and ethanol are added in 2:1 or 1:1 ratio, followed by centrifugation for separation of DNA from the solution. The pellet is washed with 70% ethanol to remove excess salt from the DNA and subjected to centrifugation for removal of ethanol. The pellet is dried and suspended in an aqueous buffer or sterile distilled water.

• Used to extract DNA from blood, tissue homogenate, and suspension culture.
• Inexpensive.
• Gold standard method.
• Toxic nature of phenol and chloroform. 28

SDS-Proteinase K Method

It was first introduced by Ebeling et al in 1974. 32 For extraction of DNA, 20 to 50 µL of 10 to 20 mg/mL proteinase K is added. SDS is added to dissolve the cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and also to denature proteins. The solution is incubated for 1 to 18 hours at 50 to 60°C and then DNA can be extracted using the salting-out method or phenol–chloroform method. 33

Silica Column-Based DNA Extraction Method

In this method, 1% SDS, lysis buffer (3 mL of 0.2 M tris and 0.05 M EDTA), and 100 mg of proteinase K are added to sample and incubated at 60°C for 1 hour, and this mixture is added in a tube containing silica gel. To this, phenol–chloroform is added in the ratio of 1:1 and centrifuged for 5 minutes. This separates the organic phase containing proteins beneath the silica column while aqueous phase containing DNA above the gel polymerase, and then aqueous layer is transferred to the tube and dissolved in TE buffer.

• Increase in purity of extracted DNA.
• Silica gel prevents physical contact with toxic reagents.
• DNA yield is 40% higher than organic solvent-based DNA extraction method.34

Magnetic Beads Method

Trevor Hawkins filed a patent “DNA purification and isolation using magnetic particles” in 1998. 35

Magnetic nanoparticles are coated with DNA-binding antibody or polymer that has specific affinity to bind to its surface. 36 In this method, a magnetic field is created at the bottom of the tube using an external magnet that causes separation of DNA-bound magnetic beads from cell lysate. The supernatant formed is rinsed, and beads aggregated at the bottom can be eluted with ethanol precipitation method; and the magnetic pellet is incubated at 65°C to elute the magnetic particles from the DNA. 28

• Time taken is less than 15 minutes.
• Faster compared with other conventional methods.
• Little equipment is required.
• Less cost.19,37

Cellulose-Based Paper

It was first introduced by Whatman in 2000, who filed a patent titled “FTA-coated media for use as a molecular diagnostic tool.” Cellulose is a hydroxylated polymer with high binding affinity for DNA. Whatman FTA cards are commercially available as cellulose-based paper that is widely used for extraction of DNA. 38 They are impregnated with detergents, buffers, and chelating agents that facilitate DNA extraction. About 1 to 2 mm of sample area is removed with micro punch and further processed for downstream applications. 19 39

• Extraction of DNA using cellulose-based paper is fast.
• Highly convenient.
• Does not require laboratory expertise.
• Easy storage of sample.40

Chelex-100 Extraction Method

In 2011, Xlonghui et al 40 patented a DNA extraction method using Chelex-100. Chelex resin is used to chelate metal ions acting as cofactors for DNases. After incubating overnight, 5% Chelex solution and proteinase K are used to degrade the added DNases, which are later boiled in 5% Chelex solution to lyse the remaining cell membranes, and to denature both proteins and DNA. Also, 5% Chelex solution prevents DNA from being digested by DNases that remain after boiling, hence stabilizing the preparation. The resulting DNA can then be concentrated from the supernatant after centrifugation.

• Reduced risk of contamination.
• Use of single test tube.
• Isolated DNA can be unstable. 38

Filter Paper-Based DNA Extraction Method

This method was described by Ruishi and Dilippanthe in 2017. DNA extraction method using filter paper can be used to isolate DNA from plant sources. A spin plate composed of 96-well plate is used, with a hole 1 mm in diameter drilled into bottom of each well used, and each well containing a disk of 8 mm diameter Whatman FTA filter paper. Samples subjected to lysis buffer are filtered with centrifugation.

• Less cost. 41

DNA Quantification

After DNA extraction, an accurate measurement of the amount and quality of DNA extract is desirable. When the correct amount of DNA is added to PCR, it results in best quality within short duration of time. Adding less or more amount of DNA will results in a profile that is difficult or impossible to interpret. 40

Quantity of DNA that can be extracted from a sample depends on the type of model. Quantity of DNA in different biological samples is shown in Table 1 . 42

Classification of Quantification 43

DNA quantification can be classified as follows:

• Microscopic and macroscopic examination.
• Chemical and immunological methods.
• ○ PicoGreen homogenous microtiter plate assays.
• Intact vs degraded DNA–agarose gel electrophoresis.
• Human total autosomal DNA.
• Y chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA), Alu repeat real-time PCR.
• Multiplex real-time PCR.
• End-point PCR DNA quantification and alternative DNA detection methods.
• RNA-based quantification.

Visualization on agarose gels

• It is relatively easy and quick method for assessing both quality and quantity of extracted DNA.
• Gives indication of size of extracted DNA molecules.

Disadvantages:

• Quantification is subjective.
• Total DNA obtained can be mixture of human DNA and microbial DNA and this can lead to overestimation of DNA concentration. 2

Ultraviolet Spectrometry

Spectrometry is commonly used for quantification of DNA in molecular biology but has not been widely adopted by the forensic community. Usually, DNA absorbs light maximally at 260 nm; this feature is used to estimate the amount of DNA extraction by measuring wavelengths ranging from 220 nm to 300 nm. With this method, it is possible to assess the amount of protein (maximum absorbance is 280 nm) and carbohydrate (maximum absorbance is 230 nm). If the DNA extract is clean, the ratio of absorbance should be between 1.8 and 2.0.

• Difficult to quantify small amounts of DNA.
• It is not human specific. 2

Fluorescence Spectrometry

EtBr or 4′,6 diamidino-2-phenylindole can be used to visualize DNA in agarose gels. In addition to staining agarose gels, fluorescent dyes can be used as an alternative to UV spectrometry for DNA quantification. PicoGreen dye is commonly used because it is specific for double-stranded DNA as it has the ability to detect little amount of DNA as 25 pg/mL.

Disadvantage:

• Nonhuman specific. 44

DNA Amplification

There are eight DNA- and RNA-based techniques, but PCR and reverse transcription-PCR have been the predominant techniques.

PCR is the commonly used method of amplification of DNA. PCR amplifies specific regions of DNA template; even a single molecule can be amplified to 1 billion fold by 30 cycles of amplification. 45

DNA amplification occurs in cycling phase, which consists of three stages.

• Denaturation.
• Extraction.

Normal range of PCR cycle is between 28 and 32; when DNA is very low, then cycles can be increased to 34 cycles. 46

Other methods are as follows: 47

• Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method.
• Strand displacement amplification.
• Recombinase polymerase amplification.
• Strand invasion-based amplification.
• Multiple displacement amplification.
• Hybridization chain reaction.

After the amplification of DNA, the final step is detection of the DNA-amplified products.

Detection of the DNA-Amplified Products

The following methods are used in forensic human identification:

• Autosomal short-tandem repeat (STR) profiling
• Analysis of the Y chromosome
• Analysis of mt-DNA.
• Autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing.

Autosomal STR Profiling

STRs were discovered in 1980. Since then, they are considered as gold standard in human identification in forensics. STR or microsatellites are the most frequently genotyped to distinguish between individuals. STR consists of mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, pentanucleotide, and hexanucleotide repeats of which tetranucleotide repeats are used for genotyping. 2

STR profiling is used in paternity/maternity testing, rape perpetrators' identification, kinship testing, and disaster victim identification. 48

STR-based DNA analysis in forensic has been well accepted by professionals and population as an important tool in criminal justice and in human identification.

• The test is simple.
• Can be done rapidly. 49

Analysis of the Y Chromosome

Typically, biologically a male individual has 1 Y chromosome and contains 55 genes. Because of this unique feature, analysis of Y chromosome is done in crime cases. 50

Application of Y chromosome in forensic medicine: It is present only in males. Thus, in crime cases, the investigators expect to find Y chromosome at the crime scene. Also, when talking about male–female ratio in body fluid mixtures, such as sexual assault or rapes, by analyzing the Y-STR component, the investigators can obtain more information regarding the male component. It is well known that azoospermic or vasectomized rapists do not leave semen traces, and it is impossible to find spermatozoa on the microscopic examination. In such cases, the Y-STR profiling is very useful, offering information regarding the identity of the accused person. 50

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA)

mt-DNA is inherited from mother; thus all the members of a matrilineal family share the identical haplotype.

• mt-DNA has 200 to 1,700 copies per cell.
• Increased probability of survival when compared to nuclear DNA.

Applications:

• Analysis of biologic samples that are severely degraded or old.
• Samples with low amount of DNA (e.g., hair shafts). 51

Autosomal Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Typing

SNP has a lower heterozygosity when compared with STRs. Advantage of SNP typing over STR is that the DNA template size can be as large as 50 BPs, compared with STRs that need a size of 300 BPs to obtain good STR profiling. 52 Due to this reason, SNP has become an important tool in analyzing degraded samples. Thus in the 2001 World Trade Center disaster, victims were identified using SNP typing. 53 54

Impact of Genetic Identification in Justice 1

Genetic testing using DNA has been widely applicable to the field of justice. This method is being used for the following:

• Identification of accused and confirmation of guilt.
• Exculpation of innocent ones.
• Identification of persons who commit crimes or serial killers.
• Identification of victims in disasters.
• Establishing consanguinity in complex cases.

Currently, the DNA genotyping of all types of microtraces or biological traces containing nucleated cells is possible if they are not entirely demolished, either chemically or by bacteria. The DNA analysis is an important tool in solving caseworks in forensic medicine, such as establishing the custody of a child through paternity or maternity tests, identifying victims from crimes or disasters, or exonerating innocent people convicted to prison.

Conflict of Interest None declared.

PhD Studies in Life and Biomedical Sciences

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Genetics and Genomics

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Genetics, the science of inheritance and variation among living organisms, can be traced back to the seminal work of Gregor Mendel, published in 1866. Yet today genetics is one of the most fast-moving fields of biomedical research. Technological progress driven by the relatively new science of genomics, the study of the genomes of organisms, has led to rapid advances over the past few years. We now have the complete DNA sequence of many genomes and are able to decipher the mechanisms that regulate gene expression, configure chromatin architecture, recruit transcription factors and activate or silence individual loci or gene networks. Moreover, we can investigate the cross-talk between the genome and the epigenome, the modifications that alter gene expression but do not change the underlying DNA sequence. These dynamic processes are critical for normal development and differentiated function of distinct cell types in an organism and their failure results in a wide spectrum of human diseases.

Northwestern University is home to a vibrant and interactive group of scientists carrying out world-class, state-of-the-art research into fundamental mechanisms of genetics, genomics and epigenomics. The Genetics and Genomics cluster enhances and builds advanced training for our graduate students in these subject areas. This is an inclusive training opportunity that is available to all trainees on the several university campuses, irrespective of their primary field of study, or their departmental or geographical affiliations.

Training opportunities include:

1.  State of the art workshops.  Workshops will focus on technology or computational biology relevant to genetics and genomics Recent workshops include practical classes on bioinformatic pipelines, and programming skills.

2.  Genetics and Genomics seminars.  High profile scientists will be chosen and invited by the trainees.  Other relevant seminar series and journal clubs are ongoing.

3.  Annual Symposium.  This event is organized jointly by the cluster leadership and the trainees. It brings eminent keynote speakers to the university and includes talks from Northwestern faculty and students. The symposium provides an opportunity for the students to showcase their work and network in the Northwestern Genetics and Genomics community.

Cluster Director

• Christine DiDonato, PhD Professor, Pediatrics, Director, Human Molecular Genetics Program, SMCRI

Training Faculty  

1. Chromatin and Epigenetics.

• Jason Brickner*, PhD (IBiS) Spatial organization of the nucleus and gene expression
• Debabrata Chakravarti*, PhD (DGP) Hormone signaling and chromatin modifications
• Ramana Davuluri*, PhD (DGP) Translational bioinformatics and cancer genomics
• Kyle Eagen*, PhD (DGP) Structural and biochemical basis of chromatin folding and chromosome segregation
• Daniel Foltz*, PhD (DGP) Centromeric chromatin assembly and chromosome segregation
• Lifang Hou*, MD, PhD (DGP) Environmental, genetic and epigenetic risk factors for disease
• Steve Kosak*, PhD (DGP) Nuclear Form and Function during Cellular Differentiation and Disease
• John Marko*, PhD (IBiS) Protein-DNA interactions, and chromosome structure and dynamics
• Christopher Payne*, PhD (DGP) Epigenetics of Stem Cells and the Stem Cell Niche
• Ali Shilatifard*, PhD (DGP) Molecular machinery for histone modifications
• Sadie Wignall, PhD (IBiS)  Chromosome dynamics during oocyte meiosis
• Jindan Yu*, PhD (DGP) Genetic and epigenetic pathways to prostate cancer
• Wei Zhang*, PhD (DGP) Genetics and epigenetics of complex traits

2. Regulation of Gene Expression and Transcription Factors.

• Ravi Allada*, MD (IBiS) Molecular Genetics of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
• Erik Andersen*, PhD (IBiS) Gene identification and disease susceptibility
• Grant Barish*, MD (DGP) Transcriptional regulators of inflammation and metabolism
• Joseph Bass*, MD, PhD (DGP) Circadian and metabolic gene networks in the development of diabetes and obesity
• John Crispino*, PhD (DGP) Transcriptional regulation of normal and malignant blood cell development
• Marco Gallio*, PhD (IBiS) The processing of temperature stimuli in the brain
• Jamie Garcia-Anoveros*, PhD (DGP)  Sensory and Developmental Neurobiology
• Geoff Kansas*, PhD (DGP) Transcriptional control of Fut7 in hematopoeitic cells
• Carole LaBonne*, PhD (IBiS) Formation, migration and differentiation of neural crest cells
• Vijay Sarthy*, PhD (DGP) Gene regulation, development and functional organization of the vertebrate retina
• Beatriz Sosa-Pineda*, PhD (DGP) Role of homeodomain-containing transcription factors in pancreas and liver organogenesis
• Alex Stegh*, MD, PhD (DGP) Defining and targeting the oncogenome of glioblastoma
• Eric Weiss*, PhD (IBiS) Signaling Pathways in the Control of Cell Architecture
• Jane Wu*, MD, PhD (DGP) Molecular mechanisms regulating gene expression and their involvement in the pathogenesis of age-related disease

3. Animal Models for Human Genetic Disease.

• Greg Beitel*, PhD (IBiS) Molecular Genetics of Organ Morphogenesis
• Thomas Bozza*, PhD (IBiS) Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Olfaction
• Richard Carthew*, PhD (IBiS) RNAi and Gene Regulation
• Gemma Carvill*, PhD (DGP) Genetic causes and pathogenic mechanisms that underlie epilepsy
• Jaehyuk Choi*, MD, PhD (DGP) Genetic basis of inherited and acquired immunological disorders and skin diseases
• John Crispino*, PhD (DGP) Mechanisms of normal and malignant blood cell growth
• Christine DiDonato*, PhD (DGP) Molecular basis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
• Yuanyi Feng*, PhD (DGP) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebral cortex development
• Alfred George, Jr.*, MD (DGP) Structure, function, pharmacology and molecular genetics of ion channels and channelopathies
• Richard Green*, MD (DGP) Genetics and molecular biology of cholestatic liver diseases and fatty liver disorders
• Robert Holmgren*, PhD (IBiS) Cell-fate specification during development
• Jennifer Kearney*, PhD (DGP) Genetic basis of epilepsy
• Dimitri Krainc*, MD, PhD (DGP) Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders
• Nikia Laurie*, PhD (DGP) Molecular mechanisms of retinoblastoma progression
• Yong-Chao Ma*, PhD (DGP) Regulation of motor neuron and dopaminergic neuron function in development and disease
• Puneet Opal*, MD, PhD (DGP) Cellular basis of neurodegeneration
• P. Hande Ozdinler*, PhD (DGP) Cortical component of motor neuron circuitry degeneration in ALS and related disorders
• Teepu Siddique*, MD (DGP) Causes, mechanisms, and modeling of neurodegenerative disorders
• Fred Turek*, PhD (IBiS) Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
• Xiaozhong (Alec) Wang*, PhD (IBiS) Genetic Analysis of Protocadherin Diversity in the Central Nervous System

4. Novel Genetic Technologies and Bioinformatics.

• Rosemary Braun*, PhD, MPH (IBiS) Analyzing high-throughput genomic data in the context of biological systems
• Elizabeth McNally*, MD, PhD (DGP) Genetic mechanisms responsible for inherited human disease
• Minoli Perera*, PharmD, PhD (DGP) Pharmacogenomics research in minority patient populations
• Ishwar Radhakrishnan*, PhD (IBiS) Structure, function, dynamics and informatics of macromolecular complexes
• Jonathan Silverberg*, MD, PhD, MPH (DGP) Dermatoepidemiology
• Matthew Schipma, PhD, Technical Director NGS Core Facility
• Justin Starren*, MD, PhD (DGP) Health care computing
• Ji-Ping Wang, PhD Bioinformatics and genomics
• Deborah Winter*, PhD (DGP) Computational immunology

5. Genetics of Complex disease.

• Grant Barish*, MD (DGP) BCL6 in gluconeogenesis, diet-induced obesity, and insulin resistance
• Han-Xiang Deng, MD, PhD
• M Geoffrey Hayes*, PhD (DGP) Evolutionary population genetics and genetic epidemiology
• Peter Kopp*, MD (DGP) Molecular genetics of thyroid and other endocrine disorders
• William Lowe*, MD (DGP) IGF-1 Gene Expression and Genetics of Diabetes
• Elizabeth McNally*, MD, PhD (DGP)  Genes and Modifiers for Heart and Muscle Disease
• Teepu Siddique*, MD (DGP) Molecular basis of neurodegeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Margrit Urbanek*, PhD (DGP) Susceptibility genes for complex diseases
• Lawrence Jennings, MD, PhD Novel molecular assays
• Suzanne O’Neill, MS, PhD, CGC Quantitative genetics
• Maureen Smith, MS, CGC Genome-wide Studies
• Cathy Wicklund, MS, CGC Genetic Counseling
• Laurie Zoloth, PhD Bioethics

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Course Catalog 2024-2025

Dna analysis, emphasis, dna analysis.

Forensic DNA Analysis area of emphasis for the M.S. in Forensic Science, the student must complete the following courses in addition to the core curriculum:

Students considering a career in Forensic DNA Analysis are encouraged to enroll in FSC 650 Special Topics , Crime Laboratory Technical Assistance (Fall, 2 credits; and Spring, 2 credits).

Total including core requirements 44 hrs.

We have 13 Forensic Science PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships

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A PhD in Forensic Science will enable you to conduct in-depth research into the application of scientific methods in the field of forensics.

What's it like to study a PhD in Forensic Science?

Working under the guidance of an expert supervisor, you'll work towards an extended thesis that will make an original contribution to the field of Forensic Science. You'll have the opportunity to gain training in forensic skills at specialist forensics facilities, meaning you'll be ready to take your research to a wider audience by the end of your programme.

Possible research areas include:

• Forensic biology
• Forensic genetics
• Forensic toxicology
• Forensic medicine
• Forensic computing

Your research might involve working with biological and chemical material at the crime scene, such as the DNA of blood, fibres and gunshot residues. You could be developing new methods to detect and identify evidence from crime scenes in order to help with the police investigation process.

If you're considering a PhD in Forensic Science, it might also be worth considering a PhD in Biomedical Sciences, as the two areas are closely related.

Entry requirements for a PhD in Forensic Science

The minimum entry requirement for a PhD in Forensic Science is usually a 2:1 undergraduate degree in a relevant subject, such as Biomedical Sciences, Chemistry or Forensic Science. You may occasionally be able to enter a programme with a 3rd class degree if you have a Masters with merit, although this is less common.

PhD in Forensic Science funding options

The main body funding PhDs in Forensic Science in the UK is the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Projects are funded by a doctoral loan, which is partial coverage of your tuition fee and a living cost stipend.

Some PhDs in Forensic Science have a project funding attached, meaning you'll automatically be awarded funding if you're successful in your application. If you're proposing your own research, you may want to consider the option of having your own independent funding, which you can either apply for separately, or attach to your application if possible.

PhD in Forensic Science careers

Forensic scientists work in a range of sectors, from law enforcement and crime scene investigation, to DNA analysis and digital forensics. You could work for the police, the military or the government, or in forensics at a hospital or as a private consultant.

Optimising Opportunities for Victim Identification in Complex Mass Fatality Incidents

Phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only)

This research project has funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

A study in the chemical degradation/stability of cannabinoids in cannabis materials

Facial identification from digital avatars, funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Predicting diverse facial appearance

Remote retrieval of evidence using robotic systems, intra-inter-disciplinary approaches to address open challenges of indoor and outdoor scene for videos analysis and recognition., self-funded phd students only.

This project does not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

Self-Funded PhD Opportunities in Forensic Sciences

The PhD opportunities on this programme do not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

PhD Research Programme

PhD Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

UCL SECReT: The International Training Centre for Security and Crime Research Degrees

Funded phd programme (uk students only).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training

EPSRC Centres for Doctoral Training conduct research and training in priority areas funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Potential PhD topics are usually defined in advance. Students may receive additional training and development opportunities as part of their programme.

Forensic Analysis of Drugs of Abuse

Novel elemental analysis methods for forensic investigations, our mission: to educate, nurture and discover for the benefit of human health, funded phd programme (students worldwide).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. Applications for this programme are welcome from suitably qualified candidates worldwide. Funding may only be available to a limited set of nationalities and you should read the full programme details for further information.

Ireland PhD Programme

An Irish PhD usually takes 3-4 years. Traditional doctorates focus primarily on independent research; structured programmes include additional classes and a greater focus on transferable skills. Most students initially register for an MPhil degree before upgrading to the status of PhD candidate and completing their thesis. This will be assessed through an oral viva voce process involving two examiners.

Trace evidence: Locard’s exchange principle using invertebrates

Forensic acarology: the importance of mites in forensic investigations.

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College of Medicine

Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology

Molecular Forensics

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Human DNA Identification Laboratory

The Human DNA Identity lab provides methods for determining the person of origin for biological specimens. These methods can be applied to resolve issues of parentage, as well as suspected tissue or body fluid specimen misidentification. We also provide testing of physical evidence for law enforcement agencies and private attorneys. 

The Human DNA Identification Laboratory utilizes industry standard methods compliant with ANSI National Accreditation Board (ANAB)/ISO17025:2017 for Forensic DNA testing. Our laboratory is able to upload evidentiary DNA profiles into CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) to compare against other cases and convicted offenders.  Application of our methodology can be used to determine identity in the following circumstances:

• Paternity / parentage - This service is provided to Law Enforcement ONLY
• Physical evidence for law enforcement agencies and private attorneys
• Patient tissue / body fluid misidentification

Our laboratory has provided DNA-based testing since 1996.  We continue to be on the forefront of identity testing, soon being able to offer next-generation sequencing testing for the purposes of ancestry analysis, including hair and eye color.

Pathology Materials Testing Our testing may be used to resolve concerns regarding mislabeled pathology samples (e.g. tissue, body fluids), tissue 'floaters', or concerns about specimen mix-ups.  We are able to provide identity on fresh, as well as methanol fixed, and formalin fixed tissues.  We are also able to utilize formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues, unstained slides, and stained slides; tissue on slides is consumed during the extraction process.

• Tissue Submittal information
• Testing Requisition form

Research Services Our laboratory provides testing to verify tissue culture cell line identity for basic science researchers. 

Confidential Testing Information given about the parties being tested is strictly confidential and will not be released to anyone without your written authorization.

Laboratory Accreditation The Human DNA Identification Laboratory is accredited by the ANAB/ISO 17025:2017 for Forensic DNA testing.  The Director is boarded by the American Board of Pathologists in the areas of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, as well as Molecular Genetic Pathology. 

Test Samples A variety of specimen sources may be submitted for DNA-based identification including, but not limited to:

• Body fluids (e.g. blood, semen, saliva, etc.)
• Buccal swabs
• Personal items (e.g. clothing, toothbrush, etc.)
• Tissues (e.g. biopsy, liver, bone marrow, etc.)
• Formalin fixed tissues, FFPE blocks, microscopy slides (stained or unstained)
• Cell line verification

For questions regarding Forensic DNA Testing Mellissa Helligso, MT (ASCP), MFS Manager, Technical Lead, Forensic DNA Analyst Human DNA Identification Laboratory University of Nebraska Medical Center Office (402) 559-6289, Lab (402)559-7220

Law Enforcement and Attorney Testing and Fees:

• $850 per sample
• $300 per hour for testimony
• $300 per hour for outside report review
• $150 per disclosure book
• $150 per hour additional document request
• $2,800 per sample for FIGG genetic testing (includes extraction)

  Pathology and Research Testing:

• $1100 per sample for pathology material identification
• $250 per cell line identification

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The Forensic Science program is in the BGSU College of Arts and Sciences and affiliated with the Center for the Future for Forensic Science at BGSU .

• B Bachelors Available
• Bachelor's Bachelors Available

Forensic Science Specialization

• Forensic DNA Analysis

The BGSU Bachelor of Science in forensic science is accredited by the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC) and offers a specialization in forensic DNA analysis. 

This degree provides students with the precise education and training crime laboratories require. Graduates will be well prepared for a graduate Forensic Science program or immediate employment as a forensic scientist.

Forensic science majors specializing in forensic DNA analysis gain skills in the application of biology and DNA to forensic evidence. This specialization provides a strong background in molecular biology with additional exposure to aspects of forensic science.

Admission Information

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The program benefits from a close affiliation with the Center for the Future of Forensic Science and the Ohio Attorney General's Bureau of Criminal Investigation crime lab. Students will learn aspects of molecular biology and genetics to apply those principles to the analysis of biological fluids recovered from evidence. Their education will involve identifying potential biological fluids, as well as extracting, quantifying, amplifying, and analyzing DNA retrieved from evidence. They will further learn principles of applying statistical analysis and the use of the Combined DNA Indexing System (CODIS), which is the DNA database of convicted offenders that is moderated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This education incudes instruction on answering testimony-type questions to increase the understating of the jury.

The science of biological evidence

Proper, ethical and accurate processing of physical evidence from a crime scene is critical in solving crimes. Forensic science DNA analysts are a vital piece of the justice system.

BGSU forensic science students are interdisciplinary, studying the biological and chemical foundations for forensic science, in-field procedures and the legal and ethical requirements of gathering, analyzing and presenting evidence in court. 

The BGSU Forensic Science Program offers students an unparalleled opportunity to prepare for careers as forensic scientists through a unique combination of:

• Expert faculty with decades of professional crime laboratory work experience
• Newly designed forensic science classroom and laboratory learning spaces
• Hands-on use of cutting-edge crime laboratory instrumentation
• Mock crime scene house

Stand Out in courses like

• Introduction to Forensic Science
• Molecular Biology
• Forensic Biology

BGSU is one of the few universities in the nation that has a criminal investigation lab on the campus.

Students are hands-on with labs and forensic evidence from early on in their BGSU forensic science degree. Students have the opportunity to work a mock crime scene at a dedicated residence half a block off campus for use by the department for experience-based learning.

The Bachelor of Science in forensic science curriculum provides the essential scientific and laboratory problem-solving skills necessary for graduate success in a modern forensic science laboratory.

The specialization in forensic DNA analysis focuses on biological evidence left at crime scenes - DNA from hair, blood, skin cells and other bodily fluids. The reliable identification and matching of samples is a focus of the specialization, focusing on meeting the educational requirements of the FBI for DNA analysis. 

Students will gain familiarity with the State DNA Index System (SDIS) and the National DNA Index System (NDIS), which are part of the FBI administered Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

The program combines rigorous scientific study and laboratory training with exposure to the broader unique aspects of the practice of forensic science, including evidence collection, handling, analysis and reporting practices; specific legal and ethical considerations; and expert courtroom testimony.

GO FAR with a career in

• DNA analyst
• Forensic Biologist
• Forensic Lab Technician
• Forensic Scientist

Internships

Students are encouraged to pursue work in a lab and to consider research opportunities that are available on campus. The capstone experience involves an in-house internship experience that includes mock evidence, hands-on use of instruments, report writing experience and a mock trial.

Students completing this specialization will be well prepared for a graduate forensic science program or employment in a local, state, federal or military crime laboratory. 

When it comes to solving crimes, it takes a team of trained professionals. In drug cases, for instance, forensic investigators would identify, sample and record found substances, passing those on to forensic chemists who would analyze a retrieved substance to identify it, forensic toxicologists would study its effect on the body. Forensic biologists would study DNA left at the crime scene and forensic investigators would seek the identity of perpetrators. 

Connecting students with opportunities and meeting practicing professionals in those roles is possible through an extensive field-based internship and close contact with professionals from the on-campus Ohio State Crime Lab.

The  Forensic Science Technician workforce  page on the Bureau of Labor Statistics website shows the rapidly increasing demand for forensic science occupations over the next decade. 

The Center for the Future of Forensic Science at BGSU offers unparalleled experiential learning to forensic science students and a gateway to advanced training and cutting edge forensic science research.

More Information

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• Tuition and fees

Forensic Science Residential Learning Community

The Forensic Science Residential Learning Community (FSRLC) is for any student enrolled in the BGSU Bachelor of Science in Forensic Science degree program, or seeking a pathway to enrollment through either the Biology or Chemistry Department forensic science specializations. 

The FSRLC is designed to help forensic science students live, learn and succeed together. It provides experiential forensic science learning and networking opportunities designed to augment the classroom experience as well as provide unique opportunities beyond the classroom to investigate the real world of forensic science.

Admissions information

Incoming Students

• SAT – prior to March 2016: Combined SAT score of 1100 or higher, with at least a 550 score on the Math portion; or
• SAT – March 2016 and forward: Combined SAT score of 1200 or higher, with at least a  550 score on the Math section; or
• ACT – An ACT composite and math score of 25 or higher

Students with scores falling below these ranges may be reviewed for acceptance on an individual basis.

Current BGSU students and Transfer Students may be eligible for the program if they have:

• Obtained a cumulative college GPA of a 3.0 or better,
• Earned a “C” or better in CHEM 1250 or CHEM 1350 and
• Earned a "C" or better in CHEM 1270 (including CHEM 1280 lab) or CHEM 1370 (including CHEM 1380 lab) and
• Earned a “C” or better in the Organic Chemistry sequence: CHEM 3410 and CHEM 3440 (including CHEM 3460 lab).

Students who meet these criteria should contact the Forensic Science program regarding admission.

Learning Outcomes 

BGSU forensic science graduates are vital members of the criminal justice system and are able to:

• Think critically and analyze complex data for the benefit of the criminal justice system
• Apply diverse information and skills toward solving real-world problems associated with solving crimes
• Utilize laboratory skills with exacting standards and precision of care within the context of solving crimes

BGSU forensic science DNA analysts are able to:

• Demonstrate learned critical thinking and decision making capabilities based on available case facts when analyzing evidence.
• Use laboratory competence garnered through required university coursework in forensic science, biology and chemistry.
• Implement strong communication skills, as necessary to effectively perform as a productive member in a team based analysis approach.
• Complete necessary tasks in a time efficient manner.
• Comply with the educational requirements of the FBI for DNA analysis.

Bowling Green State University [BGSU] is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.  BGSU has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 01/01/1916. The most recent reaffirmation of accreditation was received in 2012 - 2013. Questions should be directed to the Office of Institutional Effectiveness.

​​The BGSU Forensic Science program received accreditation from the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC) in 2022.

More information on accreditation .

Bowling Green State University programs leading to licensure, certification and/or endorsement, whether delivered online, face-to-face or in a blended format, satisfy the academic requirements for those credentials set forth by the State of Ohio.

Requirements for licensure, certification and/or endorsement eligibility vary greatly from one profession to another and from state to state. The forensic science program does not lead to professional licensure.

Under the Higher Education Act Title IV disclosure requirements, an institution must provide current and prospective students with information about each of its programs that prepares students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.

The forensic science program is not a recognized occupation that requires a Gainful Employment disclosure.

Updated: 02/05/2024 12:37PM

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We help solve crimes.

The future of forensic dna analysis and its impact on law enforcement.

Introduction

Forensic DNA analysis has made remarkable strides since its inception in the 1980s, and its potential for shaping criminal investigations continues to grow exponentially. Today, DNA profiling is often the linchpin of a criminal case, capable of identifying perpetrators and vindicating the innocent. In this article, we will explore the current landscape of DNA profiling, delve into the exciting advancements on the horizon, and examine how these innovations will impact law enforcement. Join us as we embark on a journey through the future of forensic DNA analysis.

DNA Profiling Process Today

Today, juries have come to expect DNA evidence as a vital component in recent criminal investigations. The primary method employed is Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis, which examines specific regions of total human DNA. Other existing techniques supplement STR analysis, ensuring a comprehensive approach to profiling. Databases such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) have revolutionized the field by enabling cross-referencing of DNA profiles across various jurisdictions and aiding in identifying potential suspects.

DNA Profiling of the Future

Advancements in technology hold immense promise for the future of forensic DNA analysis. Detecting and building profiles from degraded or smaller DNA samples, such as touch DNA, continues to become increasingly feasible. Innovations in the field are leading to faster, cheaper, and more accessible methods, greatly enhancing the ability to extract valuable genetic information. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) are two notable breakthroughs revolutionizing DNA profiling.

Next Generation Sequencing/Massive Parallel Sequencing

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) or Massive Parallel Sequencing: NGS is a transformative technology that enables the parallel sequencing of multiple DNA samples, allowing for rapid analysis and increased sensitivity. This approach holds enormous potential for forensic DNA analysis as it can generate vast amounts of genetic data from minute samples. Data that in the past required multiple tests to obtain can be gathered from a single NGS analysis. NGS can revolutionize criminal investigations by providing a deeper understanding of DNA profiles and shedding light on intricate genetic relationships.

Forensic Genetic Genealogy

FGG: another groundbreaking technique that combines DNA profiling with genealogical research to identify potential suspects or victims. By comparing DNA profiles to public genealogy databases, investigators can trace familial relationships and generate leads to potential suspects in previously unsolved cases. This approach has yielded remarkable successes by unveiling the identities of perpetrators and bringing closure to long-standing cold, and even current, cases. However, the use of FGG in law enforcement raises ethical considerations and privacy concerns. Striking a balance between utilizing this valuable investigative resource and safeguarding individual privacy remains an ongoing challenge as forensic DNA analysis continues to evolve.

Ethical Considerations and Privacy Concerns

As forensic DNA analysis advances, addressing these developments’ ethical and privacy implications is crucial. While the increased sensitivity and accessibility of DNA profiling have undeniably helped solve crimes, concerns have been raised regarding the potential misuse of genetic information. Striking a balance between public safety and individual privacy is of utmost importance.

The potential for genetic discrimination based on one’s DNA profile raises significant ethical questions. Safeguarding the confidentiality and secure storage of DNA data is paramount to prevent unauthorized access and protect the rights of individuals. As the future of forensic DNA analysis progresses, legislators, law enforcement agencies, and the scientific community need to collaborate to establish robust guidelines and frameworks that ensure ethical practices, uphold privacy rights, and maintain public trust in the criminal justice system.

Impact on Law Enforcement

The future of forensic DNA analysis holds immense potential to transform law enforcement practices. By implementing these advancements, authorities can significantly reduce backlogs on casework and enable justice to be served more swiftly. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly empowered to collect DNA evidence even for minor crimes, providing valuable investigative leads that might have been missed.

NGS and FGG have been pivotal in solving cold cases and identifying unidentified remains. These breakthroughs have provided closure to families and demonstrated the tremendous value of DNA profiling in the fight against crime. Remarkably, these cutting-edge techniques are now being deployed to solve historical cases and current, high-profile crimes. This development has the potential to bring justice relatively quickly, but it also raises ethical and legal considerations mentioned above that need to be addressed.

As the future of forensic DNA analysis unfolds, it is imperative that legal professionals and criminal investigators stay abreast of the latest advancements. Understanding the evolving landscape of DNA profiling will provide the knowledge to effectively navigate the legal intricacies surrounding this powerful investigative tool. By embracing these innovations and engaging in ongoing education, legal practitioners can harness the full potential of forensic DNA analysis to deliver justice.

Request Estimate

Do you need forensic DNA testing for your case? Fill out the form on the next page to get in touch for a free consultation.

There might be funding available for your case. Fill out the Request an Estimate form to get started.

(Law Enforcement only)

Learn, Research, Publish!

The UC Davis Forensic Science Graduate Program combines coursework, significant lab time, research and practical experience to prepare you for a career in forensic science. You'll complete advanced courses in forensic science, specialized courses in DNA analysis and criminalistics, graduate seminars, and electives that match your area of interest. You'll collaborate with expert forensic scientists on your thesis research project with the guidance of a thesis committee. Your final written thesis is presented to faculty, staff, and fellow graduate students, and we strongly, strongly encourage you to publish your thesis research in peer-reviewed journals (you worked hard on this—take pride, take credit and make your mark!).

MS in Forensic Science Fact Sheet

Download a fact sheet for a convenient summary of program details.

MS in Forensic Science Degree Requirements

The UC Davis Forensic Science Graduate Program lets you specialize in two academic areas:

• Forensic DNA - Focuses on molecular biology and DNA
• Forensic Criminalistics - Emphasizes chemistry and instrumental analysis

You can take courses from the other track as electives, giving you the ability to tailor your degree to your area of interest.

See the Office of Graduate Studies for more details on our master's of Forensic Science degree requirements.

Forensic Criminalistics Track

Forensic DNA Track

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DNA Analysis

CAMPUS ADMISSIONS

• (734) 432-5339
• [email protected]

Develop skills in DNA Analysis

Unleash the power of DNA evidence! Madonna University's DNA Analysis Certificate program equips you with the in-demand skills to excel in forensic science. This intensive certificate program provides a solid foundation in DNA analysis techniques used in crime laboratories. 

Elevate Your Forensic Science Career 

This certificate program complements your bachelor's degree in criminal justice or forensic science, allowing you to deepen your expertise in a crucial and growing field. You'll gain valuable knowledge in: 

• Recovering DNA profiles  from crime scene evidence using advanced techniques. 
• Understanding the science behind DNA  and its role in forensic identification.
• Analyzing DNA data  and interpreting results for legal proceedings. 
• Thinking critically  to solve problems encountered during DNA analysis. 

Degrees Offered

• Certificate of Achievement - Plan of Study

Unlock Career Opportunities 

The ability to analyze DNA evidence is a sought-after skill in today's forensic science field. Earning Madonna University's DNA Analysis Certificate opens doors to exciting careers in various settings, including: 

• Crime Laboratories:  Become a vital member of a crime lab team, assisting in processing evidence, analyzing DNA samples, and preparing reports for legal proceedings. 
• Law Enforcement Agencies:  Support law enforcement investigations by providing expert analysis of DNA evidence from crime scenes. 
• Medical Examiner/ Coroner's Offices:  Aid in the identification of deceased individuals and contribute to solving suspicious death cases through DNA analysis. 
• Private Forensic Laboratories:  Offer your expertise to defense or prosecution teams in legal cases requiring DNA analysis. 
• Research Laboratories:  Contribute to the advancement of forensic science by participating in research on new DNA analysis techniques and technologies. 

This certificate program equips you with the foundational knowledge and practical skills to pursue a rewarding career path in the ever-evolving field of forensic science. While some of these careers may require a bachelor's degree or further education, this certificate provides a strong addition to your existing education path. To discuss specific career opportunities and potential next steps, we encourage you to speak with your program director or success coach. 

Gain In-Demand Skills in DNA Analysis

Become a competitive candidate in the forensics field with a DNA Analysis Certificate from Madonna University. 

OTHER PROGRAMS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE

Crime laboratory technician certificate.

Learn to analyze physical evidence to determine significance to criminal investigations.

Crime Scene Practice Certificate

Gain additional knowledge in crime scene practice through Madonna’s Criminal Justice program.

Faculty Bios

Jessica Zarate Assistant Professor, Forensic Science

M.S. National University

B.S. Madonna University

B.H.S. Ferris State University

[email protected]

734-432-5523

Jessica Zarate

Ms. Jessica Zarate, MS is currently an assistant professor in the FEPAC accredited undergraduate Forensic Science Program at Madonna University teaching forensic science coursework including impression and pattern evidence. She was a Michigan certified police officer for eight years and is the inventor of the Zar-Pro™ Fluorescent Blood Lifters (US Patent 8,025,852 B2).

She has worked in impression analysis, for over 9 years, including during her time as a Police Officer with the Northville City Police Department when she collaborated with Michigan State Police Northville Forensic Science Laboratory, Latent Print Unit with research and development in the area of impression enhancement.

Her research work is focused within the impression evidence discipline, publishing on a fluorogenic method for lifting, enhancing, and preserving bloody impression evidence, recovering bloody impressions from difficult substrates, including from human skin, and defining methods to create consistent and reproducible fingerprint impressions deposited in biological fluids on a variety of substrates.

Stephanie Gladyck Assistant Professor, Forensic Science

Ph.D. Wayne State University

M.S. Syracuse University

[email protected]

734-432-5521

Franciscan Center S217-Q

Stephanie Gladyck

Dr. Stephanie Gladyck is an alumna of the Forensic Science Program at Madonna University (Class of 2013), has a MS in Forensic Science with a concentration in Forensic Biology from Syracuse University (2015), and received her PhD in Molecular Genetics and Genomics from Wayne State University’s School of Medicine (2021).

Dr. Gladyck is a mitochondrial biochemist, with experience in ancient DNA analysis, forensic anthropology, molecular biology, and genetics. You can find her teaching various forensic science, chemistry, and biology courses in The Fran. She is very excited to be back at Madonna University as a faculty member!

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2 PhD positions in human and pathogen Ancient DNA Analyses

The Research Group for Ancient DNA Analysis at the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany invites applications for two PhD positions in Ancient DNA Analysis.

In the framework of the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1266 Scales of Transformation – Human-Environmental Interaction in Prehistoric and Archaic Societies ( http://www.sfb1266.uni-kiel.de/en ), we are seeking highly motivated individuals to conduct ancient DNA research in prehistoric human populations using next generation sequencing (NGS). The focus is on the investigation of pathogen and human genomes. Both candidates will be involved in handling human skeletal remains, wet lab work (DNA extraction, NGS library preparation) and data analysis.

PhD position in pathogen evolution and human immunogenetics

The successful candidate will analyse metagenomic data to detect pathogens, to reconstruct their genomes and to trace the (evolutionary) history of infectious diseases. Additional emphasis will be on human immune genes (in particular HLA) and their pathogen-driven evolution.

PhD position in human immuno- and population genetics

The successful candidate will analyse genome-wide data to detect pathogen-driven selection signals in human immune genes and to correlate these signals with population genetic markers.

Your profile (for both positions): – An MSc in a discipline relevant for the project (e.g. bioinformatics, biology, genetics, evolutionary genomics, ancient DNA analysis) is a prerequisite – Great interest in working in a very interdisciplinary environment and in archaeological questions is a must – Expertise in processing both human/non-human genomic data, programming, database curation and ancient DNA data analysis is advantageous – A strong background in human or evolutionary genomics is desirable – Very good written and spoken English is required

We offer: – Exciting projects in the Research Group for Ancient DNA Analysis – Exceptional infrastructure (Ancient DNA Lab, NGS, bioinformatics) in the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology – Integration into the interdisciplinary CRC 1266, stimulating collaborations with archaeologists, anthropologists and scientists from the bio- or geosciences

The contracts run until June 30, 2024 and start as soon as possible. The salary will be according to the German salary scale TV-L (PhD student 65%, German TV-L E13). For more information, please contact Prof. Dr. Ben Krause-Kyora ( [email protected] ). Please submit your documents including a motivation letter, CV (both in English), certificates and contact details of two references as one pdf file (10 Mb max). Please state which of the two offered positions you prefer. The application deadline is August 16, 2020. Please submit your application via the UKSH online platform.