research topics in chemical pathology

Chemical Pathology

Chemical pathology is a medical specialty that involves the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of disease through the measurement of hormones and other molecules in body fluids. It includes the biochemical diagnosis of abnormal cell metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, and lipids. Chemical pathology plays a critical role in the management of a wide range of conditions, from cancer and diabetes to thyroid disorders and nutritional deficiencies. It also allows for more accurate monitoring of treatments and the detection of early signs of disease. As such, it is an invaluable tool in the practice of medicine.

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-3959 Rivak Punchoo 1 , 2 ,
Sachin Bhoora 2 ,
Nelishia Pillay 3
1 Tshwane Academic Division , National Health Laboratory Service , Pretoria , Gauteng , South Africa
2 Chemical Pathology , University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences , Pretoria , Gauteng , South Africa
3 Computer Science , University of Pretoria Faculty of Engineering Built Environment and IT , Pretoria , Gauteng , South Africa
Correspondence to Dr Rivak Punchoo, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; rivak.punchoo{at}up.ac.za

Machine learning (ML) is an area of artificial intelligence that provides computer programmes with the capacity to autodidact and learn new skills from experience, without continued human programming. ML algorithms can analyse large data sets quickly and accurately, by supervised and unsupervised learning techniques, to provide classification and prediction value outputs. The application of ML to chemical pathology can potentially enhance efficiency at all phases of the laboratory’s total testing process. Our review will broadly discuss the theoretical foundation of ML in laboratory medicine. Furthermore, we will explore the current applications of ML to diverse chemical pathology laboratory processes, for example, clinical decision support, error detection in the preanalytical phase, and ML applications in gel-based image analysis and biomarker discovery. ML currently demonstrates exploratory applications in chemical pathology with promising advancements, which have the potential to improve all phases of the chemical pathology total testing pathway.

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medical informatics computing
medical laboratory science
medical informatics

https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207393

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Handling editor Tahir S Pillay.

Contributors All authors wrote the first, subsequent drafts and reviewed the final draft of the manuscript. SB prepared figures and table. All authors conceived the idea for the manuscript.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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Discover pathology

Blog – From 10 tests a day to 5,000: the past, present and future of chemical pathology

10 October 2018

In our third blog for NHS70, Dr Kate Earp goes back to the 1940s to explore how tests on blood and bodily fluids used to be conducted – before life-saving advancements in technology transformed our laboratories.

Chemical pathology, sometimes referred to as clinical biochemistry, is perhaps one of the lesser-known pathology specialties. As a chemical pathologist, my job is to measure the amount of chemicals – minerals, drugs and proteins – within bodily fluids. Doctors and nurses rely on my interpretation of test results to diagnose, treat and monitor the health of their patients.

Chemical pathology now is a fundamental part of how we manage chronic illnesses like diabetes and osteoporosis, and many doctors like me spend much of our time in clinics seeing patients face-to-face. Looking back over developments in chemical pathology, though, it wasn’t always like this. At the birth of the NHS, testing was arduous and ineffective, its value largely misunderstood, until advancements in technology transformed our specialty into a cornerstone of modern medicine.

When the NHS was in its infancy in the 1940s, chemical pathology laboratories were very basic. They were only able to test patient samples for a small number of substances and only a minority of patients would have access to blood tests. It could take days to perform some of the tests and they were very labour intensive, with multiple steps to create mixtures of chemicals and then add the patient’s sample. And after all that work, the results produced were not even particularly accurate; only a rough estimate of the amount of a substance in a patient’s blood could be given.

For all these reasons, the laboratory was initially not seen as being that useful to patient care, often tucked away in the basement of the hospital, consisting of one small room with only a handful of staff. However, during the 1950s, new techniques were developed which enabled a greater number of substances to be measured and more helpful results produced.

One of the major advances came when ‘automated’ analysers were introduced; robotic machines would perform many of the tasks which were previously done by hand. With the introduction of computer processing, microchips were built into laboratory machines and connected to computers, allowing staff to interact with them more efficiently.

This raft of new, pioneering technologies enabled a greater number of samples to be processed in a shorter time frame. In particular, doctors were beginning to realise the usefulness of being able to test and monitor patients’ blood results, and performing blood tests started to become a routine part of patient assessment.

Today, chemical pathologists play a fundamental role in the health service, providing their expertise to other doctors and healthcare staff over the phone and at Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) meetings. Many of our laboratories look very high-tech: purpose-built, large, modern buildings which house many complex pieces of equipment and at which hundreds of staff work.

Take my lab for example – we’re part of a large teaching hospital and process around 5,000 samples a day, from a combination of GP surgeries, hospital wards and outpatient clinics. From one tube of blood (which is about one teaspoon), over 20 different substances can be tested for, helping your doctor to monitor how your vital organs – such as the kidneys, liver and heart – are functioning. Blood test results are also able to help to diagnose conditions such as diabetes, heart attacks and certain kinds of cancer, with an accuracy which would have been unthinkable all those years ago. Abnormal results are automatically flagged and passed to a chemical pathologist like myself, so we can arrange for extra tests and advise GPs and other doctors on what to do next.

Now, much of the focus of the NHS laboratory is assisting with disease prevention. People who are at high risk of developing diabetes can be identified by a blood test and given clear advice on prevention. In addition NHS laboratories across the country now have an automated alert system that looks at blood tests from all patients whose kidney function is being monitored and detects if it has declined significantly. These alert means we can advise doctors on how take preventative action to stop the kidney from worsening further.

Technology is developing all the time and the accuracy with which we can measure changes in body chemistry makes personalising and monitoring treatment much easier.

New tests are emerging to help with the diagnosis of more and more conditions, with blood tests used to replace time-consuming tests that patients could find uncomfortable. For example, faecal calprotectin tests are used to rule out serious diseases of the gut – like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis – where previously, patients would have to go to the hospital for a camera test or colonoscopy. Tests can also help us monitor how well the treatment is working; when I’m treating a patient for low bone density, a simple blood test will show the treatment’s impact around the three-month mark. Previously, we would have had to wait to see results in a bone density scan, which didn’t show any changes for a year or more.

Another emerging area is ‘personalised medicine’, since we now know that some patients respond better to certain treatments. Tests are now available which can predict how well a person will respond to medication – for example, before giving a patient a drug called azathioprine, used to treat conditions affecting the immune system, we can do a blood test that checks how well a patient will respond and if they are at risk of side effects. The doctor looking after the patient can then alter the dose of the drug accordingly.

Of course, new developments and techniques are emerging every day. Chemical pathologists are always looking for ways of doing things better – indeed, when we’re overseeing laboratories, it’s a fundamental part of our job. Chemical pathology is a forward-looking speciality, which is what makes it so exciting to work in. Using cutting edge technology to improve patient care is what we do on a daily basis.

Dr Kate Earp

Specialty Registrar in Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

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J Toxicol Pathol
v.34(4); 2021 Oct

Contribution of toxicologic pathologists for the safety of human health in biomedical research—past, present, and future of the JSTP

Makoto enomoto.

1 Former Vice-President, An-pyo Center, 582-2 Shioshinden, Iwata-city, Shizuoka, Japan

Hijiri Iwata

2 Laboratory of Toxicologic Pathology, LunaPath LLC, 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, Japan

3 Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR3136, Madison, WI 53705, USA

The research field of “Toxicologic Pathology” evaluates potentially toxic chemical exposures and chemically mediated illnesses in humans and experimental animals. Comparative studies of chemical exposures between model organisms and humans are essential for the risk assessment of chemicals and human health. Here we review the development and activities of the Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) during its 37-year history. Toxicological pathology studies provide many interesting and valuable findings. Rodent cancer bioassay data demonstrate the importance of dose levels, times, and duration of exposures to chemicals that possibly cause human cancers. Studies of toxic injuries in the nasal cavity demonstrate that specific chemical compounds affect different target cells and tissues. These observations are relevant for current air pollution studies in the preventive medicine field. Future toxicological pathology studies will be enhanced by applying molecular pathology with advanced observation techniques. In addition to the nasal cavity, another sense organ such as the tongue should be a potential next program of our mission for risk assessment of inhaled and ingested chemicals. As a message to the younger members of the JSTP, interdisciplinary and global cooperation should be emphasized. Elucidating the mechanisms of toxicologic pathology with a combination of advanced expertise in genetics and molecular biology offers promise for future advances by JSTP members.

Toxicologic Pathology and Experimental Medicine

As you may know, Katsusaburo Yamagiwa and Koichi Ichikawa’s first publication “Experimental study on the pathogenesis of epithelial tumors” in 1915 was a milestone in the history of research on chemical carcinogenesis 1 . After their discovery, many studies have been conducted to understand the mechanism of action of chemical carcinogens. The field of “Toxicologic Pathology” evaluates potentially toxic chemical exposures and chemically mediated illnesses in humans and animals. Comparative studies of chemical exposures between model organisms and humans are essential for the risk assessment of chemicals and human health.

In 1985, the American Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) invited Japanese Society of Toxicological Pathology (JSTP) representatives to their Symposium entitled “Estimating Human Risk from Animal Tumor Data”. Makoto Enomoto described the current level of diagnostic expertise among toxicologic pathologists in Japan. He also presented a comparison of histological data from human stomach and liver cancers with the results from experimental animals with these cancers. By 1970 stomach and liver cancers were most prevalent in Japan. N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-Ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) were used to induce stomach carcinomas in rats and dogs, respectively. Carbon tetrachloride and luteoskyrin are known to induce cirrhosis combined with hepatocellular carcinoma. Luteoskyrin is an anthraquinone derivative that was isolated from mycotoxin which causes the so-called “yellowed rice”. Histological specimens of stomach cancer induced by derivatives of nitrosoguanidine in rats or dogs were compared with those of human endoscopic biopsy specimens ( Fig. 1A ). Histopathological changes in rodents associated with progression from acute to chronic hepatic damage including cirrhosis and liver cancer induced by carbon tetrachloride and luteoskyrin were compared with biopsy or autopsy specimens from human liver cancer patients ( Fig. 1B and 1C ) 2 .

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Development of disease models. A) Stomach cancer in human, dog and rat. H.E. stain. a) biopsy specimen, stomach adenocarcinoma, man, 65 years old, b) gastric mucosal adenocarcinoma, beagle dog, treated with MNNG drinking water, c) early-stage mucosal adenocarcinoma, glandular stomach, rat, treated with MNNG drinking water. B) Human liver cancer, c-type virus hepatitis patient. H.E. stain. d) biopsy specimen, acute hepatitis, man 30 years old, e) biopsy specimen, chronic active hepatitis, 32 years old, f) necropsy liver tissue, liver cirrhosis, 52 years old, g) liver cancer with cirrhosis, 52 years old, C) Liver disease in F344 female rat from inhalation of carbon tetrachloride study. H.E. stain. h) acute liver damage, 4 weeks, i) subacute liver damage, 13 weeks, j) hepatic nodule (chronic damage), 52 weeks, k) liver cirrhosis with carcinoma, 78 weeks.

Progress and Contributions of JSTP during 37 years of History

The history of the JSTP was surveyed comprehensively a decade ago by the late Yoichi Konishi, one of our founding members 3 . This review described the development of JSTP independence from the Japanese Society of Toxicology, interactive communication with the Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science (JALAS), and cooperative activities with the STP as well as the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP). He also stated that education of the toxicologic pathologists was the most important goal. The late Nobuyuki Ito and Yoichi Konishi organized and started the annual JSTP meeting in Nara, inviting internationally famous pathologists from around the world including the USA, Germany, Japan, and faculty members of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). Tremendous efforts and a variety of the other smaller seminars organized by experimental pathologists in Japan contributed to the mentoring of young toxicologic pathologists who graduated from a variety of schools such as veterinary, human medical pathology, pharmacology, or basic biology. Thus, safety assessments of chemicals including medical drugs, pesticides, and food additives were completed by many institutes/laboratories in compliance with GLP requirements of Japan, Europe, and the USA over the last half-century. The basic roles of the toxicologic pathologist and key points for their routine safety assessments are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1 .

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Outline of the standard tasks of the toxicologic pathologist.

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Development and Advancement of Toxicologic Pathology

A. toxicology contributions.

Among the interesting results obtained from the experimental assessment of the toxicologic effects of drugs and pesticides, three important examples are illustrated below. 1) Physiological and pharmacological effects of estrogen. A variety of effects of estrogen in addition to its function as a female sex hormone have been described ( Fig. 3 ). It is notable that estrogen itself can be a carcinogen causing mammary carcinoma in humans, similar to the early induction of pituitary tumors observed in mice. Since estrogen is made in the body, the possible differences between its “in situ” and artificial exogenous effects need to be elucidated. 2) Disturbance of the hormone balances by psycho-neurology drugs. Psycho-neurological drugs resulted in disturbed hormonal imbalances in experimental animals as side effects; these included a variety of toxicological injuries and tumorigenic endpoints ( Table 2 ). 3) Side effects of the quinoline drugs. Figure 4 summarizes the toxicological side effects of quinoline compounds. The difference in the appearance of toxicological disorders among animal species is also notable. Pathological effects of these medical quinoline drugs could be the key factors for the discovery of the new generation of improved quinoline drugs.

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Physiological and pharmacological effects of estrogen.

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Toxicological side effects of the quinoline drugs.

B. Rodent cancer bioassays

As with Ito’s medium-term assays for chemical carcinogenicity studies 4 , two-year cancer bioassay programs were carried out extensively in Japan, the USA, and Europe. In order to improve the design of rodent cancer bioassays, joint meetings were held in Tokyo and Hakone, Japan between 1975 and 1980. Members of the National Cancer Institute, USA, and experimental Japanese scientists participated in these meetings. They agreed on guidelines for: 1) well-controlled animal testing facilities, 2) proper animal handling and husbandry by appropriately trained technical personnel, and 3) the standardization of preclinical safety evaluation testing guidelines. Finally, the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations became law in 1979. As a result, data obtained from studies conducted since 1980 show higher quality and more reproducibility between different testing facilities, providing better accuracy in predicting and evaluating the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals for humans ( Table 3 ). Also, the incorporation of mechanistic and toxicokinetic data of chemicals obtained from rodent bioassays greatly deepened the scientific insight on tumor development 5 , 6 , 7 . Table 4 showed that the guidance for obtaining the reliability of toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. Groups of 50 males and females of selected strains of rats (F344/SD/Wistar) or mice (B6C3F 1 /ICR) are assigned to each of the control or treatment groups. Following the 13-week repeated dose toxicity studies, top doses are chosen to expose animals to a minimally toxic change. And lower doses are selected within the linear range of kinetics. Animals are given three or four dose levels of test substances by gavage, feeding or drinking water consumption, dermal painting, or inhalation exposure. Dosing to animals starts at age 5–6 weeks and lasts for 2 years. Then surviving animals receive a complete histopathologic examination. All studies include clinical biochemical measurements, as well as assessments of gross behavioral changes, body and organ weights, food and water consumption. Because of the assistance of the animal care specialists trained by the JALAS and technical specialists for clinical examination, the data of carcinogenicity studies are reliable. Further, the historical control data of gross macroscopic lesions and histological lesions are useful for evaluating the toxicological and/or carcinogenic potential of chemical substances. These data also may contribute to the elucidation of age-associated spontaneous morphologic changes in a commonly used strain of rat and mouse in the long term animal studies 8 , 9 , 10 ( Table 5 ).

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The most significant fact in a large-scale bioassay is recognizing the importance of dose levels, times, and duration of exposure in the safety evaluation of carcinogenic as well as classical toxic agents. A great deal of attention will have to be paid to the concept of threshold doses and exposure levels that may be required to achieve preneoplastic conditions or the induction of carcinogenic processes. Thus, bioassay studies successfully identify tumor-causing agents in rodents by providing information on dose-responses and characterizing other chemical-related toxicities. A no-effect level can exist for tumor development and the exposure-response can be supralinear in range. We suggest that linear extrapolation from high toxic exposures to postulated low exposure effects of DNA-reactive carcinogens can yield overestimates. The finding of no-effect levels provides a basis for understanding why very low-level environmental exposures to humans of even DNA-reactive carcinogens may convey insignificant cancer risks 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 .

C. Air pollution and inhalation study

Inhalation studies over the past half century by toxicologic pathologists have provided ample evidence for human health risks associated with air pollution particulate matter (PM). Both Ulrich Mohr and the late Donald L. Dungworth are owed a great deal for their contributions in the field of inhalation toxicology. Their efforts led to large respiratory pathology research programs throughout the world. In Japan, extensive studies on toxic and carcinogenic effects of nano-level size particulates 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 and nanotubes 19 , 20 , along with earlier rodent bioassays that exposed the whole body of animals to a variety of industrial chemicals, have demonstrated the effects of airborne chemical hazards. Air pollution containing carcinogenic PM derived from automobile exhaust, paved roads containing toxic pitch, coal tar, and asbestos are sources of injury to the respiratory organs including the nasal cavity. Toxic injuries of the nasal cavity caused by chemical compounds were studied extensively by toxicologic pathologists, demonstrating differences of target cells and tissue sites depending on chemicals ( Fig. 5 ) 21 . It should be also noted that there are significant increases of macrophages in rodents following inhalation of pharmaceutical materials 22 . The importance of exposure levels to toxic and carcinogenic substances present as PM air pollution needs to be emphasized with respect to human health risks. Pathologists have reported that chronic exposure to high levels of ambient PM (daily average of PM 2.5 ; 22 μg/m 3 ) is associated with small airway remodeling of human lungs 23 , 24 . The public health burden associated with the air pollution-related carcinogens has been forecast based on exposure levels at which there is a measurable cancer risk. Table 6 shows that carcinogenic particulates were present in the air of major cities and industrial sites at greater than μg/m 3 levels. Furthermore, Fig. 6 demonstrates the different effects between oral and nasal breathing of the inhaled polluted air.

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Effects of chemicals in the nasal cavity – difference between sites and target cells.

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Air pollution and oral (tobacco smoking) versus nasal inhalation.

Future Development of the JSTP and Message

The practice of identifying cancer hazards through rodent cancer bioassays is being replaced or supplemented by evaluating molecular biomarkers to characterize hazards 25 , 26 , 27 . Future experimental animal studies are expected to contribute to the safety assessment of chemical agents by applying advanced immunohistological assays for early detection and diagnoses of cancer cells 28 . Since a study on toxicologic pathology of the nasal cavity emphasized the important role of nasal breath for filtrating airborne pollutants, further investigation on sense organs such as the nose for smell and the tongue for taste should be carried out for safety assessments of both humans and animals.

Interdisciplinary research cooperation with areas of genetics, embryology, pharmacological toxicology, and clinical pathology should be necessary to improve and deepen the research success of our mission 29 . Global corporation should also be a key factor in the further development of our society, as the 37th JSTP annual meeting president Hijiri Iwata stressed at the conference. Many of the biggest mistakes in history have been based on consensus thinking. Consensus should never be regarded as a substitute for scientifically based facts 30 .

Conference Presentation

Presented virtually by Makoto Enomoto at the 37th JSTP annual meeting in January 2021.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Roger Wiseman at the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin for his critical reading of the manuscript.

Chemical Pathology

A chemical pathologist has expertise in the biochemistry of the human body as it applies to the understanding of the cause and progress of disease. This physician functions as a clinical consultant in the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. Chemical pathology entails the application of biochemical data to the detection, confirmation, or monitoring of disease.

Subspecialty of Pathology

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Chemical Pathology

Chemical Pathology is the branch of pathology dealing with the biochemical basis of disease and the use of biochemical tests for screening, diagnosis, prognosis and management.

Chemical pathologists have two important clinical roles. The first is liaising with healthcare professionals such as general practitioners, nurses, non-consultant and other consultant doctors to provide advice on which tests to use and how to interpret the results of the tests when investigating patients. This commonly includes a wide range of conditions such as liver disease, kidney disease, high cholesterol, cancer, diabetes, and hormone imbalances. The second is having direct responsibility for patients in out-patient clinics and on the hospital wards. In these settings, chemical pathologists diagnose and treat a wide range of metabolic disorders such as high cholesterol, diabetes, hormone imbalances, kidney stones, bone disease and nutrition imbalances.

Chemical pathologists are also responsible for the provision of a reliable analytical service. This includes measuring markers of liver and kidney function, hormones, drugs and tumour markers in hundreds to thousands of patient samples every day. Many of these analytes are measured on automated analysers operated by biomedical scientists. The management, assurance of quality and provision of advice on the choice of tests and assessment of the significance of the results (especially with some of the more uncommon tests) are the province of the chemical pathologist.

Chemical Pathology Committee

Dr C Meek (Chair, Education rep)

Dr E Bate (Vice Chair)

Elected members

Prof. R Gama (Best Practice Guidelines Editor) Dr Y Baoku Dr A Ryan

Trainee Members’ representative

Council members.

Dr T El-Shanawany Dr A Pugh Dr W Simpson Dr K Skordilis Dr W Wassif

Useful links

Association for Clinical Biochemistry American Association for Clinical Chemistry Assay Finder UK National Institute of Biological Standards and Control Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism UKNEQAS Society of Toxicology American Board of Forensic Toxicology Botanical.com Cornell University’s Poisonous Plants Database

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Chemical Pathology

Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University
School of Medicine

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The impact of lockdown measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the management of diabetes in a Northern Gauteng Region of South Africa

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Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in South Africa: Programmatic Challenges and Opportunities for Integration With Other Adolescent Health Services?

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Evaluation of ilex selfcerv for detection of high‐risk human papillomavirus infection in gynecology clinic attendees at a tertiary hospital in south africa

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Varicocele and hypogonadism among adults: a prospective study among infertile men in tamale, ghana.

Varicocele is a disorder of venous return caused by abnormal enlargement of pampiniform plexus draining the testicles. This condition is common among men seeking medical attention for fertility problems, sexual dysfunction or complains of continuous scrotal discomfort. Varicocele repair has been recommended for varicose patients with such complaints, however, the effect of microsurgical sub-inguinal varicocelectomy on semen parameters, gonadotropins or factors to predict which of the patients...

Chemical Ecology of Animal and Human Pathogen Vectors in a Changing Global Climate

Abstract: Infectious diseases affecting livestock and human health that involve vector-borne pathogens are a global problem, unrestricted by borders or boundaries, which may be exacerbated by changing global climate. Thus, the availability of effective tools for control of pathogen vectors is of the utmost importance. The aim of this article is to review, selectively, current knowledge of the chemical ecology of pathogen vectors that affect livestock and human health in the developed and dev...

Effects of phytochemicals on predatory decision making in a spider

Abstract: Animals with small nervous systems may be prone to limitations in processing ability when confrontedwith a diversity of stimuli, especially if these involve multiple sensory modalities. We investigated theeffect of the odour of the plantLantana camaraand its dominant volatile compound,b-caryophyllene, onthe prey choice decisions ofEvarcha culicivora,a jumping spider (Salticidae) that frequently visitsL. camaraas a site to mate and to obtain nectar.Evarcha culicivoraexpresses a stro...

Immune checkpoint molecules B7‐1 and B7‐H1 as predictive markers of pre‐eclampsia: A case–control study in Ghana

Background/Aim: Immune tolerance in the fetal–maternal junction is maintained by a balance in the Th1/Th2 system. Th1‐type immunity is associated with pro‐inflammatory cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) such as B7‐H1, while Th2‐type immunity is characterized by anti‐inflammatory cytokines and ICMs such as B7‐1. Any imbalance in the Th1/Th2 immune system may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre‐eclampsia (PE). Hitherto, the potential of serum B7‐1 and ...

Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasites

This study uses the model organism, C. elegans, to investigate its sensitivity and response to static magnetic fields. Wild-type C. elegans are put into microfluidic channels and exposed to permanent magnets for five cycles of thirty-second time intervals at field strengths ranging from 5 milli Tesla to 120 milli Tesla. Recorded and analyzed with custom software, the results of the worm's movement - the average velocity, turning and curling percentage - were compared to control experiments. S...

Microfluidic platform to analyze the effects of drugs on the locomotion behavior of parasites

This research paper presents a microfluidic platform for analyzing the effects of drugs and their dosage on the locomotion behavior of both free-living and parasitic nematodes. The chip provides a higher level of sensitivity for drug screening and can monitor four different nematode parameters in real time. It is a cross-species and cross-drug platform that is far more sophisticated than existing nematode motility and migration assays. The device consists of two parts: behavioral microchannel...

Cadmium, Arsenic And Lead Levels In Persons With Chronic Hepatitis B In The Ejura-Sekyedumase District, Ghana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) increases the risk of liver dysfunction and leads to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The rate of progression of CHB to these complications is attributed to hepato-toxicants, including heavy metals. Some heavy metals such as selenium and zinc have hepatoprotective benefits. However, others such as cadmium, arsenic and lead are hepatotoxic. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of cadmium, arsenic an...

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Recent advances in bacterial detection using surface-enhanced raman scattering.

1. Introduction

2. overview of bacterial sers detection and analytes, 2.1. different sers detection methods: label-free and label-based, 2.2. target analytes for sers bacterial detection, 3. label-free bacterial sers detection, 3.1. sers-based bacterial gene probe, 3.2. biomarker-based detection, 3.3. bacterial whole cell detection, 4. enhancing sers detection performance, 4.1. different types of sers substrates with enhanced sensitivity, 4.2. bacterial concentration methods, 4.3. microfluidic sers-based detection, 4.4. differentiation of spectra using chemometric analysis, 4.5. ai/ml-enabled sers detection, reproducibility of sers, 4.6. detection of microbes in complex samples, 5. challenges and opportunities, 6. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Bacteria Strains	Detection Method	Substrates	Limit of Detection	Condition of Detection
Escherichia coli	Label-free detection	Silver nanoparticles	Down to single cell	Liquid (Lab test) [ , , ]
			4.3 × 10 cells/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
			2.5 × 10 cell/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
			-	Liquid (Lab test) [ , , , , , , , ]
		Planar monolithic porous polymer layers functionalized with gold nanoparticles	-	Solid (Lab test) [ ]
		magnetite–gold magnetic nanoparticles	10 CFU/mL	Liquid (in apple juice) [ , ]
		Vancomycin-coated long-range ordered 3D nanoassembly of gold/silver core–shell nanorods with edge-on substrate	-	Solid (Lab test) [ ]
		A polymer mat covered a layer of gold	-	Solid (in blood, urine, water or milk) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Iron oxide-gold core–shell nanoovals; QSY21 as target	210 CFU/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Citrate-stabilized gold nanosphere and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-stabilized gold nanorod particles	2.0 × 10 CFU/mL	Liquid (in water sample) [ ]
Pseudomonas	Label-free detection	Silver nanoparticles	10 CFU/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Roughened metal shelter	10 CFU/mL	Liquid (in diluted blood) [ ]
		Au@pNIPAM hydrogel with embedded Au nanorods and mesostructured Au@TiO substrate with a mesoporous TiO thin film over a submonolayer of Au nanospheres	3.4 × 10 CFU /mL	Liquid (in vivo) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Silver nanorod array; pyocyanin as the biomarker	5 ppb; 2.38 × 10 mol/L	Solid (in clinical sputum samples: wounds and urine specimens) [ ]
Staphylococcus	Label-free detection	Silver nanoparticles	Down to single-cell	Liquid (Lab test) [ , ]
		Silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (in diluted blood) [ ]
		Silicon wafer decorated with silver nanoparticles	10 cells/mL	Solid (in human blood) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Au-coated magnetic nanoparticles core/shell nanocomposites; DTNB as target	10 cells/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		GA-modified Au@Rubpy/L-GO SERS tags	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Gold nanoparticle-on-wire; DNAs as target	10 pmol/L	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Salmonella	Label-free detection	Vancomycin-coated silver nanorod	100 CFU/mL	Solid (in fresh produce) [ ]
		Silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Silver nanorod array substrates	Down to single cell	Solid (Lab test) [ ]
		Au@Ag core/shell nanoparticles	15 CFU/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Ag nanocrystals into Ag nanospheres	10 CFU/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Salmonella	Label-based detection	Silver nanoparticles; O-antigen as target	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Shewanella	Label-free detection	Biofilms cultivated on gold-coated glass slides, gold nanoislands	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Tip-coated multimode fiber, liquid core photonic crystal fiber	10 cells/mL	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
		Ag or Au colloidal particles onto a rigid, ceramic filter	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Gold nanoislands; the intracellular bioreduction of two stable valence forms of chromate	Down to single cell	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Bacillus	Label-free detection	Rough silver (colloidal) film	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
	Label-free detection	Thin gold layer on an electrochemically roughened nanoscopic silver substrate	-	Solid (in human blood) [ ]
	Label-based detection	AuNPs/PVP/Au; dipicolinic acid as a biomarker	~10 (SERS EF)	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
	Label-based detection	Fe O –Au core–shell nanoparticles	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Other bacteria
Helicobacter pylori	Label-free detection	Silver nanoparticles	~10 (SERS EF)	Solid (Lab test) [ ]
Listeria monocytogenes	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	Down to single cell	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Klebsiella	Label-free detection	Vancomycin-coated silver nanorod	Bacterial strain level	Solid (Lab test) [ , ]
Citrobacter	Label-free detection	Vancomycin-coated silver nanorod	Bacterial strain level	Solid (Lab test) [ , ]
Proteus	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	Bacterial strain level	Liquid (Lab test) [ , ]
Arthrobacter	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (in soil and groundwater) [ ]
Sphingomonas	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (in soil and groundwater) [ ]
Shigella sonnei	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Mycobacterium smegmatis	Label-free detection	Silver on anodic aluminum oxide nanoparticle arrays	-	Solid (Lab test) [ ]
Erwinia amylovara	Label-free detection	silver nanoparticles	-	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	Label-based detection	Gold nanoparticle-on-wire; DNAs as target	10 pmol/L	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]
Vibrio vulnificus	Label-based detection	Gold nanoparticle-on-wire; DNAs as target	10 pmol/L	Liquid (Lab test) [ ]

Structure	Chemical Constituents	Gram
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan [ ]	Alternating polymers of NAM (N-Acetylglucosamine) and NAG (N-acetylmuramic acid)	+/−
Teichoic Acid [ ]	Polyribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate is cross-linked to peptidoglycan.	+
Lipoteichoic Acid [ ]	Lipid-linked teichoic acid.	+
Periplasmic Space [ ]	proteases, phosphatases, lipases, nucleases, and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes	−
Outer Membrane [ ]	Phospholipids with saturated fatty acids.	−
Proteins [ ]	Porins and lipoproteins transport proteins.	−
Lipopolysaccharide [ ]	Lipid A and core polysaccharide	−
Other external structures
Capsule [ ]	Polysaccharides (disaccharides and trisaccharides) and polypeptides.	+/−
Pili [ ]	Pilin and adhesins.	+/−
Flagellum [ ]	Motor proteins, flagellin.	+/−
Biomarker Proteins [ , ]	For example, M proteins of streptococci and O antigen. Staphyloxanthin for Staphylococcus sp. Pyocyanin for Pseudomonas sp.	+/− + −
Other internal structures
Metabolic products [ ]	ATP, NAD, and NADP+	+/−
Proteins [ ]	Metabolic proteins	+/−
DNA or RNA [ ]	Nucleotides	+/−

Chemicals	Peak Position (cm )	Tentative Peak Assignments	Chemicals	Peak Position (cm )	Tentative Peak Assignments
Cell wall			Other external structures
Peptidoglycan (NAG) [ ] SERS (514.5 nm)	699	N/A	Capsule	N/A
	815	N/A	Pili	N/A
	964	N/A	Flagellum [ ] Raman (532 nm)	903	N/A
	1059	N/A		945	Skeletal CCN deformation
	1236	N/A		945	Skeletal CCN deformation
	1279	N/A		1003	Phe
	1374	N/A		1246	Helix
	1394	N/A		1320	N/A
	1536	N/A		1453	CH rocking
	1638	N/A		1662	Amide I
Teichoic acid [ ] Raman (532 nm)	964	POH bending	Other internal structures
	1250	PO- bending	Cell plasma SERS [ ] (514.5 nm)	735	N/A
	1212	CN bending		1330	N/A
	1322	CHOH bending		780	N/A
	1452	CH		1050	N/A
	1646	Amid II		1125	N/A
Lipoteichoic acid [ , ]	Similar to teichoic acid			1230	N/A
Lipoteichoic acid [ , ]	Similar to teichoic acid			1435	N/A
Periplasmic space [ ]	N/A		Metabolic products (4-ATP) [ ] SERS (632.8 nm)	1089	NH rocking
Periplasmic space [ ]	N/A			1176	CH bending
Outer membrane proteins (Porins and OmpA) [ ] Raman (514.5 nm)	1553	Trp		1211	CN bending
	1579	Trp		1286	CH stretching
	1602	Phe		1492	CC stretching and CH bending
	1613	Tyr		1492	CC stretching and CH bending
	1669	Amide		1593	CC stretching and NH bend.
	1734	N/A		1593	CC stretching and NH bend.
Lipopolysaccharide [ ] Raman (514.5 nm)	1612	N/A	Internal proteins [ ] SERS-gold (830 nm)	1250	Amide III
	1652	N/A		1322	Adenine, guanine, and Tyr
	1726	N/A		1003	C(CC) aromatic ring (Phe)
N/A Not available				1081	V(PO) in oligonucleotides
			DNA/RNA [ ] SERS-gold (830 nm)	546	CO and POC bending
				795	V(PO2) and v(CC) ring breathing
				795	V(PO2) and v(CC) ring breathing
				816	CO and POC
				853	1,4 glysosidic link

Chemometric Methods	SERS Substrates	Bacterial Samples	Number of Bacteria	Results and Conclusions
DFA-HCA; PCA [ ]	Silver colloid	Clinical bacterial isolates from patients with UTI (Escherichia coli; Klebsiella oxytoca; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Citrobacter freundii; and Enterococcus spp. and Proteus mirabilis)	6 species, 5 strains	Discriminate between distinct species and discriminate Escherichia coli on strain level.
PCA, HCA, and DFA based on the “barcoding method” [ ]	Au-nanoparticle-covered SiO substrate	Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus anthracis; Bacillus licheniformis; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Escherichia coli; Salmonella typhimurium	8 species	Species and strain separation
PCA, HCA, and PLS-DA [ ]	AgNR	Mycoplasma pneumonia and clinical throat swab	1 specie, 3 strains	The throat swab samples spiked with M. pneumonia, and actual clinical throat swab samples were correctly classified.
PCA [ ]	Internal deposition of silver nanoparticles	Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7	2 species	Differentiate Staphylococcus. epidermidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and their 1:1 ratio mixer
PCA [ ]	Au, ion-doped SiO sol–gel	Kembolar pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus	4 species, 2 strains	Discriminate SERS spectra of different bacteria and the culture media in which they are grown.
PCA and SVM [ ]	Silver colloid incorporates a microfluidic device	Escherichia coli	9 strains	Classification between strains with a high correct rate
PCA [ ]	Silver nanoparticles	Enterococcus faecalis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Acinetobacter baumannii; Klebsiella pneumoniae	4 species	Discrimination between G+ and G-bacterial genera
PCA, LDA, and HCA [ ]	Roughened gold-coated glass slides	Arthrobacter strains	14 strains	Distinct molecular differences on the surface of fourteen closely related Arthrobacter strains; liquid and solid cultures are distinguished
PCA [ ]	Magnetic–plasmonic Fe O –Au core–shell nanoparticles (Au-MNPs)	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Escherichia coli K12, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	3 species	Discriminate between species
PCA and HCA [ ]	Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)	Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 50013, Salmonella O7HZ10, Shigella boydii CMCC51514, Shigella sonnei CMCC51529, Shigella dysenteriae CMCC51252, Citrobacter freundii ATCC43864, and Enterobacter sakazakii 154	6 species, 2 strains	Discriminate between species and serotypes
PCA [ ]	AgNR	Generic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli O157:H7; Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhimurium 1925-1 poultry isolate, and Escherichia coli DH 5a	3 species, 3 serotypes	Distinguish between distinct species, differentiate pure cell samples from mixed cell samples, and classify different bacterial strains.
PCA and PLS-DA [ ]	VAN AgNR	Salmonella enterica serotype Anatum, Salmonella enterica serotype Cubana, Salmonella enterica serotype Stanley, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus epidermidis	3 species, 4 serotypes	Differentiate between species and serotypes in mung bean sprout samples
PCA and machine learning algorithm—RamanNet [ ]	AgNR	E. coli, S. typhmirium, S. minnesota, S. mileloti, P. aeruginosa, M. catarrhalis, H. pylori GU2, F. tularensis LVS, E. coli 0128B12, E. coli 011B4, E. coli J5, and E. coli H100	6 species, 7 strains	Discriminate between distinct species and discriminate on strain level
PCA [ ]	AgNR	E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. minnesota, V. cholerae, Rhizobium species R. CE3, and R. NGR, as well as Neisseria meningitidis	6 species	SERS spectra can be used to differentiate between the different enteric LPS

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Hassan, M.; Zhao, Y.; Zughaier, S.M. Recent Advances in Bacterial Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Biosensors 2024 , 14 , 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080375

Hassan M, Zhao Y, Zughaier SM. Recent Advances in Bacterial Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Biosensors . 2024; 14(8):375. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080375

Hassan, Manal, Yiping Zhao, and Susu M. Zughaier. 2024. "Recent Advances in Bacterial Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering" Biosensors 14, no. 8: 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080375

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Band 3 Medical Secretary - Chemical Pathology

Job posting for band 3 medical secretary - chemical pathology at university hospitals birmingham, job summary.

To provide secretarial support to the clinical team with particular responsibility for audio typing clinical letters, maintaining clinics by booking appointments and liaising with the outpatient booking team, telephoning patients, scanning correspondence and carrying out general office duties. The post holder will provide an empathic and sensitive point of contact for patients/relatives and carers, undertaking work under the direction of the Medical Secretary Supervisor.

Main duties, tasks & skills required

To provide excellent telephone skills, accurately record telephone messages and provide a point of contact for patients in an empathetic and sensitive manner. To problem solve and exercise initiative when dealing with enquiries. To type letters from audio, maintain clinics by booking appointments and, when required, book interpreters and collect patient files from medical records. Scan correspondence, ensure post is opened and sent accordingly. Work collaboratively by liaising with Clinical Management and the outpatient booking team for changes to clinics and resolve patient queries. Input and look up data on Trust IT systems in accordance with Trust policy and carry out general office duties. You will also have good communication and keyboard skills.

If you have any queries regarding this role, please contact either Grace Rooke ([email protected]) or Mandy Simpson ([email protected]).

We are recognised as one of the leading NHS Foundation Trusts in the UK. Our vision is to Build Healthier Lives, and we recognise that we need incredible staff to do this.

Our commitment to our staff is to create the best place for them to work, and we are dedicated to:

Investing in the health and wellbeing of our staff, including a commitment of offering flexible working where we can; Offer our staff a wide variety of training and development opportunities, to support their personal and career development objectives.

UHB is committed to ensuring that our staff are treated fairly and feel that they belong, by creating a kind and inclusive environment. This is about equity of opportunity; removing all barriers, including discrimination and ensuring each individual member of staff reach their true potential, achieve their ambitions and thrive in their work. This is more than words. We are taking action. Our commitment to an inclusive culture is embedded at all levels of the organisation where every voice is heard, driven by our diverse and active staff networks, and at Board level by the Fairness Taskforce led by our CEO. We nurture a culture which empowers staff to challenge discriminatory behaviours and to enable people to bring their 'whole self' to a kinder, more connected and bold place to work.

University Hospitals Birmingham is a Smoke-Free premises hospital.

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Good General Education (e.g. GCSE English and Maths A-C) GCSE Level 9-4
Business Administration NVQ level 3 or equivalent experience in a clerical environment
Experience of dealing with the Public/Customer service experience
Experience of working with a range of Microsoft Office packages (eg. Word,Excel and Outlook)
Experience of using IT systems

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Bali Pulendran is new director of Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection

The institute’s purpose is to understand the human immune system at multiple levels — molecular, genetic and cellular — and to harness this understanding to prevent and treat disease.

August 1, 2024 - By Bruce Goldman

Bali Pulendran

Bali Pulendran, PhD, professor of pathology and of microbiology and immunology, has been appointed director of Stanford Medicine’s Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection.

Pulendran , the Violetta L. Horton Professor II, assumed the directorship on Aug. 1. He succeeds Mark Davis , PhD, founding director of the institute, who is stepping down from the post after 20 years to concentrate on advancing the work in his laboratory.

“Mark is a true visionary whose discoveries in immunology are legendary,” Pulendran said. “He’s had a transformative impact on human immunology and spawned a whole generation of scientists who are today’s leaders in this exciting field.”

The institute, known as ITI , is a collaborative effort of interdisciplinary teams composed of immunologists, infectious-disease experts, computational scientists, clinical scientists and clinicians, driven by a common goal of understanding the human immune system at the molecular level and translating this understanding into better vaccines and therapeutics. Insights into systems immunology are attained by gauging widespread activities and interactions of multiple molecules, genes and cells in blood and tissue samples from people responding to infections or receiving vaccinations.

“Bali Pulendran has the experience, skills and knowledge to lead ITI into the future,” said Lloyd Minor , MD, dean of the School of Medicine and vice president for medical affairs at Stanford University. “A collaborative and multidisciplinary scientist, Bali has made significant strides in advancing global health by creating greater understanding of how vaccines interact with our bodies and using that knowledge to make them even more effective. His insights and leadership will only further the ability of ITI scientists to pioneer the field of systems immunology.”

Pulendran runs a roughly 50-person lab with a research interest in learning how the evolutionarily ancient innate immune system regulates the workings of its relatively recent partner, the adaptive immune system, and how to harness that new understanding to designing improved and novel vaccines. He has co-authored nearly 300 peer-reviewed journal articles, many in front-line publications such as Nature , Science and Cell , and has trained more than 50 postdoctoral scholars and graduate students.

“Bali has just been a ball of fire in using the latest technologies to understand human vaccine response,” Davis said. “He has done more than anyone in the world to understand how vaccines work.”

Pulendran came to Stanford Medicine in 2017, leaving his positions as a chaired professor of pathology and laboratory medicine and director of the innate immunity program at Emory University in Atlanta.

Davis recruited Pulendran, whom he has known since 2008, to Stanford Medicine. “He was doing the first really inspiring work on using the systems-immunology approach,” said Davis, the Burt and Marion Avery Family Professor and a professor of microbiology and immunology. “I had independently come to realize that this was the way forward because conventional approaches weren’t working. This has become the standard approach now.”

Pulendran, born in Sri Lanka, obtained a bachelor’s degree at Cambridge University’s Queens College. He attended graduate school at the University of Melbourne, Australia, receiving his PhD in 1995. After serving as a postdoctoral scholar at Immunex Corp. in Seattle, then holding assistant and associate professorships at the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research in Dallas, he joined Emory’s faculty as an associate professor in 2002. Promoted to full professor in 2004, he became director of Emory’s innate immunity program in 2008, receiving a chaired professorship that same year.

“I hope to see the ITI soar along its innovative trajectory of discovering fundamental new biology about our human system and collaborating with partners to translate these discoveries into novel medicines and vaccines,” Pulendran said.

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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Wiley expands its chemical compound coverage with new smartspectra databases.

Wiley, one of the world's largest publishers and a global leader in research and learning, today announced the release of two new Wiley SmartSpectra Database Collections generated using the most current machine-learning techniques to significantly expand the number of spectral data available for analysis.

These new data collections, the Wiley SmartSpectra Vapor Phase IR Database Collection and Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database Collection were created by Wiley Science Solutions using an AI-powered spectrum prediction engine derived from its high-quality, comprehensive spectral database collections—the largest commercially available. These new databases cover a broad range of compounds including general organics, biochemicals, drugs, dyes, food related compounds, industrial compounds, monomers, pollutants, and more.

“We are very proud of the work we continue to do in this area. As we expand the addressable chemical space, we help scientists reach conclusions faster,” said Graeme Whitley, Director of Data Science Solutions at Wiley.

The Wiley SmartSpectra databases of “computed” spectra are designed for use along with Wiley's empirical databases of “measured” spectra in the analysis of unknown samples. They are especially useful in the identification of rarer compounds and materials, when a match cannot be found in the empirical databases.

Wiley SmartSpectra Databases are available exclusively through Wiley's KnowItAll software, a comprehensive solution for spectral analysis and management.

Learn more at Wiley Science Solutions: For more information about the two new databases, please visit sciencesolutions.wiley.com

About Analytical Qualification Using Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy Scientists use spectral search software along with spectral reference databases to identify “unknown” substances or verify the composition of materials. First, an Infrared or Raman spectrometer measures a substance and produces a spectrum, which is expressed as a graph showing a series of peaks that is specific to the sample material. That spectrum is then compared to a spectral database containing the measured spectra of known substances using spectral search software. By using algorithms, the spectroscopy software finds the best match between the measured unknown spectrum and the library of known spectra, and the results suggest the most likely identity of the substance. Spectral analysis using search software and spectral libraries is used across a wide range of applications in industry, government, and academic laboratories.

About Wiley Wiley (NYSE: WLY) is one of the world's largest publishers and a trusted leader in research and learning. Our industry-leading content, services, platforms, and knowledge networks are tailored to meet the evolving needs of our customers and partners, including researchers, students, instructors, professionals, institutions, and corporations. We empower knowledge-seekers to transform today's biggest obstacles into tomorrow's brightest opportunities. For more than two centuries, Wiley has been delivering on its timeless mission to unlock human potential. Visit us at Wiley.com . Follow us on Facebook , X , LinkedIn and Instagram .

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