assignment class 9 biology

Solutions for Class 9 ICSE Concise Biology Selina

2025 syllabus.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life – Here are all the NCERT solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5. This solution contains questions, answers, images, step by step explanations of the complete Chapter 5 titled The Fundamental Unit of Life of Science taught in class 9. If you are a student of class 9 who is using NCERT Textbook to study Science, then you must come across Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life. After you have studied lesson, you must be looking for answers of its questions. Here you can get complete NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life in one place. For a better understanding of this chapter, you should also see Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life Class 9 notes , Science.

Topics and Sub Topics in Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life:

• The Fundamental Unit of Life
• What are Living Organisms Made Up of?
• What is a Cell Made Up of? What is the Structural Organisation of a Cell?

These solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science . Here we have given Class 9 NCERT Science Text book Solutions for Chapter 1 matter in our Surroundings.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 59 Question 1. Who discovered cells, and how? Answer:  Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 while examining a thin slice of cork through a self-designed microscope. He saw that the cork resembled the structure of a honey comb consisting of many little compartments. These small boxes are called cells.

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• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Maths
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Social Science
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 English
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Hindi
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Sanskrit
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 IT
• RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions

Question 2. Why the cell is called the structural and Junctional unit of life? Answer:  A cell is capable of independently carrying out all necessary activities of life. So, they are called basic or functional unit of life.

Formulae Handbook for Class 9 Maths and Science Educational Loans in India

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 61 Question 1. How do substances like C0 2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss. Answer:  CO 2 moves by diffusion and H 2 O move by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 2. Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane? Answer:  It is called selectively permeable membrane because it allows the entry and exit of some substances, not all.

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 65 Question 1. Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic material? Answer:  The two organelles which have their own genetic material are: 1. Mitochondria 2. Plastids

Question 2. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will happen? Answer:  The cell will not be able to revive and lysosomes will digest it.

Question 3. Why are lysosomes known as suicide hags? Answer:  When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst, and the enzymes digest their own cell. Therefore lysosomes are known as suicide bags.

Question 4. Where are proteins synthesised inside the cell? Answer:  The proteins are synthesised in the ribosomes that are also known as protein factories.

Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science

Question 2. How is prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell? Answer:  Prokaryotic cell is generally smaller in size (1-10 pm), nuclear region is poorly defined, the cell organelles are not membrane-bound and has a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cell is generally larger in size (5-100 pm), nuclear region is well defined with nuclear membrane. Membrane-bound cell organelles are present and has more than one chromosome.

Question 3. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down? Answer:  If plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down then molecules of some substances will freely move in and out.

Question 4. What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus? Answer:  Golgi apparatus has the function of storage, modification and packaging of the products in vesicles. If there were no Golgi bodies, packaging and dispatching of materials synthesised by the cell will be stocked.

Question 5. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why? Answer:  Mitochondria is known as powerhouse of the cell because it releases the energy required for different activities of life.

Question 6. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised? Answer:  Lipids and proteins are synthesised in ER [Endoplasmic Reticulum].

Question 8. What is osmosis? Answer:  Osmosis is the process of movement of water molecule from a region of higher water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of lower water concentration.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life (Hindi Medium)

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option: 1. The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded because (a) it has no space inside (b) it helps in transportation of material (c) it increases the surface area (d) it stores more food 2. Proteins are formed in (a) Golgi bodies (b) nucleus (c) plastids (d) ribosomes 3. The organelle that helps in the membrane biogenesis is (a) lysosome (b) Golgi bodies (c) endoplasmic reticulum (d) ribosome 4. The solution in which a cell will gain water by osmosis is termed as (a) isotonic solution (b) hypertonic (c) hypotonic solution (d) both (a) and (b) 5. The root hair absorbs water by the process called (a) diffusion (b) osmosis (c) endocytosis (d) plasmolysis 6. The animal cell which does not possess nucleus is (a) egg of hen ‘ (b) white blood cell (c) red blood cell (d) nerve cell 7. The nucleus of the cell was discovered by (a) Robert Hooke (b) Leeuwenhoek (c) Robert Brown (d) Purkinje 8. The plant cells are more rigid than the animal cell due to (a) cell wall (b) vacuoles (4 plastids (d) both (a) and (b) 9. The opening and closing of stomata is due to (a) sunlight (b) osmosis (4 plasmolysis (d) endocytosis 10. The cells with jio membrane bound organelles, and the chromosomes are composed of only nucleic acids are (a) plant cells (b) animal cells (c) prokaryotic cells (d) eukaryotic cells Answer. 1—(c), 2—(d), 3—(4. 4—(c), 5—(b), 6—(c), 7—(4, 8—(d), 9—(b), 10—(c).

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are plastids? Name the different types of plastids found in a plant cell. Answer:  Plastids are organelles found only in plants. They are: (a) Chloroplast-Containing chlorophyll (b) Chromoplast-Containing carotenoids and xanthophyll (coloured plastids) (c) Leucoplast-Wllite or colourless plastids

Question 2. What is plasma membrane made up of? Answer:  Plasma membrane is made up of proteins and lipids.

Question 3. What did Robert Hooke observed first in cork cell? Answer:  Robert Hooke observed that cork consists of box like compartments which formed a honeycomb structure.

Question 4. Name the autonomous organelles in the cell. Answer. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the autonomous organelles in the cells.

Question.5. What does protoplasm refer to? Answer:  Protoplasm refer to cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 6. Name two cells which keep changing their shape. Answer:  Amoeba and white blood cells.

Question 7. Name the smallest cell and the longest cell in human body. Answer:  The smallest cell is the red blood cell or sperm cell in male. Longest cell is the nerve cell.

Question 8. Name 3 features seen/present in almost every cell. Answer:  Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 9.What is diffusion? Answer:  When gases like C0 2 , 0 2 , move across the cell membrane, this process is called diffusion.

Question 10.What is osmosis? This takes place from high water concentration to low water concentration. Answer:  The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. This takes place from high water concentration to low water concentration.

Question 11. What is the full form of DNA? Answer:  DNA —> Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.

Question 12. What is the Junction of chromosome? Answer:  Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules.

Question 13. Name the organelles present in liver of animals for detoxifying many poisons and drugs.  Answer:  In the liver of animal cells smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 14. What is the energy currency of the cell? Answer:  ATP—Adenosine Triphosphate.

Question 15. What is the function of ribosome? Answer:  Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.

Question 16. Where are genes located in the cell? Answer:  Genes are located in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 17. Name the cell organelles that helps in packaging? Answer:  Golgi apparatus.

Question 18. Name the cell organelle which helps in the transportation of material. Answer:  Endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 19. Name the cell organelle due to which leaves, flowers and fruits get their colour. Answer:  Chromoplast.

Question 20. Name the cell organelle which helps in the formation of lysosome. Answer:  Golgi apparatus.

Question 21. Name the cleansing organelle in the cell. Answer:  Lysosomes.

Question 22. Name two cells with cell wall. Answer:  Onion cell (plant cell) and fungi.

Question 23. Why does mitochondria have largely folded inner membrane? Answer:  Mitochondria is the site for cellular respiration and provides energy to the cell. The largely folded inner membrane provides the increased surface area for ATP-generating chemical reactions.

Question 24. Which organelle makes the digestive enzyme of lysosome? Answer:  Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the digestive enzyme of lysosomes.

Question 25. What are cisterns? Answer:  The golgi bodies consist Of a system of membrane-bound vesicles arranged in stacks called cisterns.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. State two conditions required for osmosis. Answer:  (i) The difference in the concentration of water, one should have higher concentration than the other. (ii) Semi-permeable membrane is also required through which water will flow.

Question 2. What is plasmolysis? Answer:  When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.

Question 3. How does fungi and bacteria can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells? Answer:  The cell wall present in fungi and bacteria permits these cells to withstand very dilute external medium without bursting. The cells take up water by osmosis, swells, and builds the pressure against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell. It is because of the cell wall, such cells can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells.

Question 4. Give the function of nuclear membrane. Answer:  The nuclear membrane present as outer covering in the nucleus allows the transfer of material inside and out of the nucleus to cytoplasm.

Question 5. Name the cell-organelles that have their own DNA and ribosomes. Answer:  The cell organelles with their own DNA and ribosomes are mitochondria and plastids.

Question 7. What is endocytosis? Answer:  The cell membranes flexibility allows the cell engulf in food and other material from its external environment. This process is known as endocytosis. E.g., Amoeba acquires its food through such processes.

Question 8. What is the function of vacuoles? Answer:  Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid content. In plant cells it provides turgidity and rigidity to the cell. In single-celled organisms vacuoles store food, e.g., Amoeba.

Question 9. When we put raisins in water, why do they swell? Answer:  Raisins are dry with less water inside, when they are kept in water, osmosis takes place, water flows through the cell wall, cell membrane of the raisins and therefore it swells.

Question 10. Why are lysosomes called suicidal bags? Answer:  Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes in it and helps in the cleaning of cell by digesting any foreign materials entering the cell, such as bacteria, food and old cell organelles. When the lysosomes burst, the digestive enzyme digest its own cell. Hence it is called as suicidal bag.

Question 11. What is nucleoid? Answer:  The nuclear region in some cells are poorly defined due to the absence of a nuclear membrane, it contains only nucleic acid. This undefined nuclear region with nucleic acid in it is called nucleoid.

Question 12. What is the role, of cell organelles in the cell? Answer:  Each kind of cell organelles performs a specific function such as making new material, clearing of the waste, transporting material, etc.

Question 14. What is the function of nucleus in a cell? Answer:  The nucleus plays a very important role in the reproduction of cells. It also helps the single cell to divide and form two new daughter cells. It plays an important role in determining how the cell will develop and what form it will exhibit at maturity, by directing the chemical activities of the cell.

Question 15. What is the Junction of plastids? Answer:  Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are two types of plastids chromoplasts (coloured plastids) and leucoplasts (white or colourless) Chromoplast—Consists of coloured pigments and gives different colours to flowers, fruits and leaves. The green colour pigment present in leaf is called chlorophyll which helps in the photosynthesis and a plastid with chlorophyll is called chloroplast. Leucoplast—It stores starch, oil and protein granules in it.

Question 16. Do vacuoles store some material? If yes, name them. Answer:  Yes, vacuoles also store some important substances required in life of the plant cell. These are amino acids, sugars, various organic acids and some proteins. In some unicellular organisms, e.g. Amoeba, vacuoles also store food.

Question 18. What are ribosomes? Where are they located in the cell? What is their function? Answer:  Ribosomes are spherical organelles present in the cell which are either freely distributed in the cytoplasm or may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of ribosomal RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and proteins. Functions of Ribosomes: It helps in the synthesis of proteins.

Question 19. What is the difference in chromatin, chromosomes and gene? Answer:  (1) Chromatin: It is a fine network of thread-like structure made up of DNA or RNA. It gets condense to form chromosomes. (2) Chromosome: The chromosomes are made from chromatin material and are located iri the cell. (3) Genes are found in chromosomes.

Question 20. Why do plant cells have more in number and big-sized vacuoles as compared to the animal cells? Answer:  Plant cells attain turgidity and rigidity due to the more number of vacuoles as well as large-sized vacuoles help the plant cells to withstand the wear and tear, external environmental conditions. They also help in the storage of essential material required by plants for their growth like amino acids, sugar and various organic substances.

Question 21. Explain the following terms: (a) Plasma membrane (b) Cytoplasm (c) Nucleus. Answer:   (a) Plasma membrane: It is a thin membrane which controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. It is also called as selectively permeable membrane. It makes the outer boundary of the cell and is made up of lipo-protein, (b) Cytoplasm: It is transparent jelly-like thick substance present in the cell. It makes the ground of the cell in which all the cell organelles are suspended. (c) Nucleus: It is a double-layered membrane structure which contains chromosomes required for the inheritance of characteristics from one generation to the other.

Question 22. What is membrane biogenesis? Answer:  The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacture of proteins and fat molecules or lipids which are important for the cell function. These proteins and lipids help in the building of the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane biogenesis.

Question 23. Which organelle is known as powerhouse of the cell? Answer:  Mitochondria is known as powerhouse of the cell because they store energy in the form of ATP. [Adenosine Triphosphate]

Question 24. What are genes? Answer:  Gene is a segment of DNA. They are located on chromosomes in linear fashions. One gene may perform one or more function. Genes are carrier of genetic codes.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 5. Name the cell organelle for the following: (a) Present only in plant cell, provides strength and rigidity to the cell. (b) It is the site for lipids synthesis and helps in detoxification of drugs. (c) The inner membrane is folded to form cristae, it has its own DNA and proteins. (d) It helps in the formation of lysosomes. (e) It imparts colour to the fruit and flowers. Answer:  (a) Cell wall (b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (c) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus (e) Chromoplast

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Value-Based Questions

Question 1. Vasu was helping his mother in laying the table when they had some guest for dinner. Vasu was about to sprinkle salt on salad for dressing. His mother stopped him from doing so and told him that it is too early to sprinkle salt on the salad, he should do so only when they are seated for having the dinner. (a) What would happen if salt is sprinkled on the salad? (b) Which property of cells is seen in adding salt to it? (c) What value of Vasu is seen? Answer:  (a) On sprinkling of some salt on the salad, the salad will release water. (b) The salt outside the salad acts as hypertonic solution as it has less water concentration and therefore the cell looses water by osmosis. (c) Vasu showed the value of being very helpful, caring and responsible.

Question 2. Anu is a five year old girl who joined the swimming classes. After the first class she was worried when she saw her wrinkled fingers. She asked her elder sister about the wrinkling and shrinking of her fingers. Her sister explained Anu why it was so. (a) Why did the fingers wrinkle after swimming? (b) What caused the shrinking/wrinkling of fingers? (c) What value of Anu is seen in the above cast? Answer:  (a) Fingers wrinkled because the cells of the skin lost some water. (b) This happened because of the difference in the concentration of water in the skin cells and swimming pool’s water. (c) Anu showed the value of aware citizen and a good learner who clarifies the doubts.

Question 3. Two sailors got marooned on the island, both of them were very thirsty and one of the sailors tried to drink sea water. The other sailor immediately stopped him from drinking the salty water of sea and suggested to wait for some help, stay calm and patient. (a) What would happen if the sailor drinks salty water? (b) What is osmosis? (c) What value of sailors is reflected in the above act? Answer:  (a) On drinking sally water, exosmosis in the intestine will cause dehydration and vomiting. (b) The movement of water molecules through a permeable membrane is called osmosis. (c) Sailors showed the value of being patient, composed, empathy and determination.

Question 4. Sachin’s mother wanted to use some eggs for incubation. Sachin helped his mother in separating rotten and spoilt eggs from the good ones. He took a bucket of water to separate them. (a) How can one separate the rotten eggs from the good ones using water? (b) What is the shell of egg made up of? (c) What value of Sachin is seen in this act? Answer:  (a) We can separate the rotten eggs by dipping them in water. The eggs that will float in water are rotten eggs and the one that sinks are good one. (b) Egg shell is made up of calcium carbonate. (c) Sachin showed the value of being helpful, responsible behaviour.

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CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology

CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 9 Biology Worksheets for the students of Class 9. All our CBSE NCERT Class 9 Biology practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 9 Biology will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 9 Biology Number of Worksheets: 39

CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 9 Biology important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology can also use like assignments for Class 9 Biology students.

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• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Natural Resource Assignment 1
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• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Question Bank Assignment 
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology SA1 Worksheet Assignment 
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology The Fundamental Unit of Life Assignment 1 
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology The Fundamental Unit of Life Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology The Fundamental Unit of Life Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Tissues Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Tissues Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Why Do We Fall Ill Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Why Do We Fall Ill Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 9 Biology Assignment 2
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Advantages of CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
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Worksheets of CBSE Class 9 Biology are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 9 Biology Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 9 Biology revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 9 Biology Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 9

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Download Sample Questions and Assignments for Class 9 Mathematics and Science with important Topic- Wise Questions. These Sample Questions and Assignments have been prepared as per the syllabus issued by CBSE, KVS and topics given in NCERT Book. Solving this Sample questions and Assignments will help in scoring in more marks in your class tests and school examinations.

Click on links below for Assignments with important questions for Class 9 Mathematics and Science chapter wise.

Assignment For Class 9th Mathematics Topic -wise- PDF Download

Chapter 1: number system.

Assignment of Mathematics Chapter 1 Number System Assignment

Chapter 2: Polynomials

Assignment of Mathematics Chapter 2 Polynomials Assignment 1

Assignment of Mathematics Chapter 2 Polynomials Assignment 2

Chapter 3: Linear Equation in Two Variables

Assignment of Mathematics Chapter 3 Linear Equation in Two Variables Assignment

Chapter 4: Coordinate Geometry

Assignment of Mathematics Chapter 4 Coordinate Geometry Assignment

Assignment For Class 9th Biology Topic -wise- PDF Download

Chapter 1: the fundamental unit of life: cell.

Assignment of Biology Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit of Life: Cell Assignment 1

Assignment of Biology Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit of Life: Cell  Assignment 2

Assignment of Biology Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit of Life: Cell  Assignment 3

Assignment of Biology Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit of life: Cell  Assignment

Chapter 2: Tissue

Assignment of Biology Chapter 2   Tissue  Assignment 1

Assignment of Biology Chapter 2 Tissue  Assignment 2

Assignment of Biology Chapter 2 Tissue Assignment 3

Assignment of Biology Chapter 2 Tissue  Assignment 4

Assignment For Class 9th Chemistry Topic -wise- PDF Download

Chapter 1: matter in our surrounding.

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding Assignment 1

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding Assignment 2

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding Assignment 3

         2. Is Matter Around Us Pure

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 2  Is Matter Around Us Pure  Assignment 1

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure  Assignment 2

Assignment of Chemistry Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure  Assignment 3

Assignment For Class 9th Physics Topic -wise- PDF Download

Chapter 1: motion.

Assignment of Physics Chapter 1 Motion Assignment 1

Sample Question for Physics Motion Assignment 2

Assignment of Physics Chapter 1 Motion Assignment 3

Assignment of Physics Chapter 1 Motion Assignment 4

Assignment of Physics Chapter 1 Motion Assignment 5

Chapter 2: Force and Laws Of Motion

Assignment of Physics Chapter 2 Force and Laws Of Motion Assignment 1

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• Biology Article

Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.

Explore the cell notes to know what is a cell, cell definition, cell structure, types and functions of cells. These notes have an in-depth description of all the concepts related to cells.

Table of Contents

Cell Definition

What is a cell, characteristics of cells, types of cells, cell structure, cell theory.

• Functions of a Cell

Cells are the fundamental unit of life. They range in size from 0.0001 mm to nearly 150 mm across.

“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.”

Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life . 

Each cell contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane. Also present in the cytoplasm are several biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.

All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular).  Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.

Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.

Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have more number of cells compared to that of  bacteria .

Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.

Discovery of Cells

Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It helps us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out various life processes. The structure and functions of cells helped us to understand life in a better way.

Who discovered cells?

Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork under a compound microscope and noticed minuscule structures that reminded him of small rooms. Consequently, he named these “rooms” as cells. However, his compound microscope had limited magnification, and hence, he could not see any details in the structure. Owing to this limitation, Hooke concluded that these were non-living entities.

Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification. This time, he had noted that the cells exhibited some form of movement (motility). As a result, Leeuwenhoek concluded that these microscopic entities were “alive.” Eventually, after a host of other observations, these entities were named as animalcules.

In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure. He was able to describe the nucleus present in the cells of orchids.

Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:

• Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
• The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.
• The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.
• Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations.

Also Read : Nucleus

Cells are similar to factories with different labourers and departments that work towards a common objective. Various types of cells perform different functions. Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

• Prokaryotes

Explore:   Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Main article: Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.
• They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.
• The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
• The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
• Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. They are also known to use conjugation – which is often seen as the prokaryotic equivalent to sexual reproduction (however, it is NOT sexual reproduction).

Eukaryotic Cells

Main article : Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.
• The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.
• This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
• The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible for cell to cell communication.
• They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
• There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg., the plant cell contains chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.
• By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell.  Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and leakage.
• It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.
• Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.
• The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
• It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
• It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.
• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
• The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.
• The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
• It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
• The nucleus protects the DNA  and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.

Cell Organelles

Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles, along with its principal functions, are as follows:

Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists,  Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:

• All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following postulates:

• Energy flows within the cells.
• Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
• The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.

Functions of Cell

A cell performs major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure

All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants.

Facilitate Growth Mitosis

In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism.

Allows Transport of Substances

Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the cells by active and passive transport. Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol diffuse across the cell membrane along the concentration gradient. This is known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances.

Energy Production

Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a process called   photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

Aids in Reproduction

A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is termed as the asexual reproduction where the parent cell divides to form daughter cells. Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be genetically different from the parent cells.

Thus, we can understand why cells are known as the structural and functional unit of life. This is because they are responsible for providing structure to the organisms and perform several functions necessary for carrying out life’s processes.

Also Read:  Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell

To know more about what is a cell, its definition, cell structure, types of cells, the discovery of cells, functions of cells or any other related topics, explore  BYJU’S Biology . Alternatively, download BYJU’S app for a personalised learning experience.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what is a cell, 2. state the characteristics of cells..

• Cells provide the necessary structural support to an organism.
• The genetic information necessary for reproduction is present within the nucleus.
• Structurally, the cell has cell organelles which are suspended in the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for fulfilling the cell’s energy requirements.
• Lysosomes digest metabolic wastes and foreign particles in the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum synthesises selective molecules and processes them, eventually directing them to their appropriate locations.

3. Highlight the cell structure and its components.

The cell structure comprises several individual components which perform specific functions essential to carry out life processes. The components of the cell are as follows:

• Cell membrane
• Nuclear membrane
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi Bodies
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast

4. State the types of cells.

Cells are primarily classified into two types, namely

• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells

5. Elaborate Cell Theory.

Cell Theory was proposed by  Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow, who were German scientists. The cell theory states that:

6. What is the function of mitochondria in the cells?

7. what are the functions of the cell.

The essential functions of the cell include:

• The cell provides support and structure to the body.
• It facilitates growth by mitosis.
• It helps in reproduction.
• Provides energy and allows the transport of substances.

8. What is the function of Golgi bodies?

9. who discovered the cell and how, 10. name the cell organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down organic matter., 11. which cellular structure regulates the entry and exit of molecules to and from the cell.

Register at BYJU’S for cell related Biology notes. Refer to these notes for reference.

Further Reading:  Cell Biology MCQs

Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

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Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes PDF (Quick Revision Notes)

The Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes are considered an important study tool as it helps students to save their precious time as it is ready made notes. The precious time can be utilised in understanding complex and tricky concepts of Pollination and Fertilisation; accordingly students can build up a strong foundation in the ICSE Class 9 Biology.

Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes PDF

Students can refer to the Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes PDF from the Selfstudys website. These Class 9 notes are prepared by our subject matter experts so that students can understand the concepts of Pollination and Fertilisation in an expert way; accordingly students can attain good marks in these questions.

Where Can Students Find Resources of Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes?

Students can find the resources of Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes from the Selfstudys website, steps to download and refer are discussed below: 

• Visit the Selfstudys website. 

• Find the Study Materials from the bottom of the page and again find CISCE. 

• Now select the CISCE. 

•  And select Revision Notes Exam

• A new page will appear, a drop down menu will appear. 
• Select Biology from the given list of subjects. 
• Again a new page will appear and one can select Pollination and Fertilisation from the list of chapters. 

Features of Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes

The Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes are concise in nature which covers each and every topic of the Pollination and Fertilisation, apart from this there are more features: 

• Diagrams are Given: A diagram is a symbolic representation of the information; some of the topics of the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation are explained with the help of diagrams. 
• Explained in a Tabular Format: Information arranged in a table with rows and columns are called tabular format; in the Pollination and Fertilisation Class 9 ICSE notes content are explained in a tabular format so that students can understand complex topics easier. 
• Point Wise Explanation: Each concept in the ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes are explained in a point wise manner so that students can understand basics about the chapter and focus on highlighted points.
• Flow Charts are Given: Flow charts is a diagram which explains topics in a sequential order; concepts of Pollination and Fertilisation are explained through flowcharts in ICSE Class 9 Biology Notes, accordingly students can understand the topics in a sequence. 
• Device Friendly: The Class 9 Biology notes of the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation are device friendly: it works well on any of the electronic devices; through this students can access the notes from laptop or mobile phone. 
• Attractive in Nature: Pollination and Fertilisation Class 9 notes of ICSE board are kind of attractive in nature as key concepts are highlighted, multiple colours are used, several formatting are used and more. Through this, students can revise the key concepts of Pollination and Fertilisation before the exams. 

What Are the Benefits of Taking Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes?

Concepts explained in the Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes are to the point; through this students can have a quick revision before the exam, apart from this there are more benefits: 

• Helps Students to be Active: Being alert during the Pollination and Fertilisation class is a must for students to attain good marks; they can maintain the activeness with the help of Class 9 ICSE Biology notes as in it each and every topic is explained in a dynamic way. 
• Students can Enhance their Learning Skills: Learning skill is a skill of students in completing tasks within the given time period; they can enhance their learning skills through the ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes as various practice questions are included.
• Can Learn Prioritising Skills: In the Class 9 Biology notes, important concepts of the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation are prioritised. The meaning of prioritise is to give importance to key concepts; thus using Pollination and Fertilisation revision notes students can learn prioritising skills. 
• Boosts Comprehension Skills: Comprehension is generally defined as understanding as well as interpreting what is read; students can improve their comprehension skills with the help of Pollination and Fertilisation notes of ICSE board. 
• Helps to Overcome Distractions: During class, it is very normal for students to get distracted while attending the class of Pollination and Fertilisation so to overcome the distraction, they can take the help of Class 9 Biology notes of Pollination and Fertilisation. 
• Improves Memorisation Skills: Referring to the Class 9 Biology notes of Pollination and Fertilisation can train both short term memory as well as long term memory; through this students can remember answers while attempting questions. 

When Is the Best Time to Refer to Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes?

It is a must for students to refer to the Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes so that they can cover the topics comfortably from their home, but they need to know when to refer to the notes; some are discussed below: 

• Before the Class: Students can refer to the Pollination and Fertilisation Class 9 ICSE notes just before the class so that they can get familiarised with the content and topics. 
• During the Class: The Pollination and Fertilisation notes of Class 9 Biology can be referred to during the class by students so that they have a strong grip towards the chapter. 
• After the Class: The ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes are generally considered as short summary so that students can also refer after attempting the particular class to recall whatever they have studied.
• While Practising Questions: As we all know that practising questions of Pollination and Fertilisation is important to score better; for practising questions, students can take the help of Class 9 Biology notes because a few topic related questions are given in the revision notes.
• To Seek Help: It is normal for students to have doubts regarding the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation, so in that case they can refer to Class 9 Biology notes of Pollination and Fertilisation. 
• Before Weekly Test: It is a must to have weekly tests of Pollination and Fertilisation, then only one can track the performance; to perform well, students can refer to the ICSE Class 9 Biology Notes of Pollination and Fertilisation. 

How Can Students Improve Their Preparation With the Help of Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes?

Some of the ways that Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 notes can improve student’s preparation are discussed below: 

• Can Understand Concepts: The first step to master in the Pollination and Fertilisation chapter is to understand the concepts; for that students can take the help of Class 9 ICSE Biology notes and improve their preparation process. 
• Can Memorise Key Concepts: In the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation, there are many key concepts so to memorise those concepts, students can refer to Class 9 Biology Pollination and Fertilisation notes and improve their preparation level.
• Can Have a Quick Revision: Revision helps students to recall all the key topics and concepts; to have a quick revision, students can refer to Pollination and Fertilisation Class 9 ICSE notes and improve the learning process. 
• Can Practise Previous Papers: Practising Pollination and Fertilisation questions from the previous year papers is an excellent way to be prepared. To solve questions in a proper way students can refer to ICSE Biology Class 9 notes as in it concepts are explained which will help students answer the previously asked questions. 
• Can Collaborate With Peers: In order to give a boost to the preparation, students can collaborate with their friends or classmates to have a discussion on the Pollination and Fertilisation topic. Collaborating with peers helps students talk about new concepts too which enables them to deepen the understanding level.
• To Use Visual Presentation: The ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes involves flow charts, diagrams, mind maps; if students utilise it then they can understand the concepts in creative ways. 

Strategies to Cover the Chapter Pollination and Fertilisation With the Help of Pollination and Fertilisation ICSE Class 9 Notes

Strategies are considered as action of planning to achieve a given task; the same is implemented to cover the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation with the help of ICSE Class 9 notes, some are discussed below: 

• Focus on Core Topics: Students are advised to focus on the core topics of the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation; they can identify the core topics with the help of ICSE Class 9 Biology Notes . 
• Make a Study Plan: A study plan is finishing of the tasks within the given time limit; the same need to be implemented while completing Pollination and Fertilisation Class 9 ICSE notes.  
• Try to Choose the Right Place for Studying: Students can do a hit and trial method to choose the comfortable as well as right place for completing the ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes; accordingly they can cover the topics quickly. 
• Take Regular Breaks: Students can utilise stopwatch to remind themselves for taking a break while the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation with the help of notes; through this students can improve overall productivity and focus. 
• Try to Solve Practice Questions: Students are advised to solve a lot of questions related to the chapter Pollination and Fertilisation; to solve the questions in an accurate way, they can take the help of Class 9 Biology notes. 
• Maintain a Good Sleep Routine: While completing ICSE Biology Class 9 Pollination and Fertilisation notes, students need to maintain a good sleep routine of 7 to 8 hours; then they can improve their memorisation skills. 

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Class 9 Biology Worksheets

We have provided below free printable  Class 9 Biology Worksheets  for Download in PDF. The worksheets have been designed based on the latest  NCERT Book for Class 9 Biology . These  Worksheets for Grade 9 Biology  cover all important topics which can come in your standard 9 tests and examinations.  Free printable worksheets for CBSE Class 9 Biology , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 9 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable worksheets for Biology Class 9 with solutions and answers. All worksheets and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in Biology Class 9. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf  worksheets for Biology class 9  for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya  Class Biology Worksheets  with Answers and test papers are given below.

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Here we have the biggest database of free  CBSE NCERT KVS  Worksheets for Class 9  Biology . You can download all free Biology worksheets in Pdf for standard 9th. Our teachers have covered  Class 9 important questions and answers for Biology as per the latest curriculum for the current academic year. All test sheets question banks for Class 9 Biology CBSE Worksheets for Biology Class 9  will be really useful for Class 9 students to properly prepare for the upcoming tests and examinations. Class 9th students are advised to free download in Pdf all printable workbooks given below.

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CBSE Worksheet for chapter-1 Cell : The Fundamental Unit of Life class 9

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BOARD: CBSE

BIOLOGY Worksheet - 1

TOPIC: Cell : The Fundamental Unit of Life

For other CBSE Worksheet for class 9 Science check out main page of Physics Wallah. 

Read the free pdf of the CBSE Class 9 Science Fundamental Unit Of Life Worksheet. Students and teachers of Class 9 Science can get printable worksheets for class 9 science in the latest syllabus PDF format and test pattern from Physics Wallah. Class 9 students should practice the questions and answers provided here in Science Grade 9, which will help them to develop their knowledge of all the important chapters and topics.

Students should also download a free pdf of Class 9 Science Worksheets prepared for school teachers according to the latest NCERT textbooks, CBSE released this academic year, and solve the syllabus issues provided here with daily solutions to get more marks in the exams.

Class 9 Science students should refer to this Physics Wallah worksheet in the Fundamental Unit Of Life Pdf. This class 9 worksheet question paper with answers will benefit exams and help you get good marks. For other CBSE Worksheet for class 9 Science check out main page of Physics Wallah.

Objective Questions

• Muscle cell
• Kidney cell
• Show plasmolysis
• No change in shape or size
• a single cell
• a chromosome

Subjective Questions

• What is osmosis?
• What is a cell theory? Who propounded it and when?
• ‘Cell is the structural and functional unit of life’. Explain.
• How do substances like CO 2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
• Give the difference between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell?
• How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
• Describe the levels of organization in living organisms.

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